HEENT Exam Flashcards by Claire Clifton

Conjunctiva (define)

protective membrane that covers all parts of the anterior globe, folding back on itself at superior and inferior fornix then extending onto the inner surface of upper and lower palpebra

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Limbus (define)

where the conjunctiva meets the cornea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Palpebra

eyelid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ptosis

eyelid partially or fully closed; drooping without specific anatomical markers to define it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Expothalmos

globe bulging forward so at rest, the lid is not able to reach the upper edge of the iris. Most typical for posterior fat pad growth stimulated in hyperthyroidism/Graves disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anisocoria

Unequal Pupils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nystagmus

Involuntary rapid, rhythmic movement of eye in any direction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Strabismus

Misalignment of eyes relative to each other. If untreated can cause amblyopia (visual loss) of one eye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Patulous Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Chronically Open

Autophony: hear yourself talk and breath. Intermittant. Mucosal dyhadration, chronically open

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dilatory Eustachian Tube Dysfunction.

Chronically Closed:
Dilatory failure. Mucosal inflammation, pressure (diving), anatomic abnormality. Pressure, pain, hearing loss, tinnitus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of a non-mobile tympanic membrane

fluid, mass, sclerosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of a Hyper-mobile tympanic membrane

ossicle bones disrupted

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

conductive hearing loss

bone conducting sound better than air.

Sound waves are not reaching or being conducted through the middle ear bone apparatus.
Causes include foreign body, otitis media, perforated eardrum, and otosclerosis of ossicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sensorineural hearing loss

cochlear nerve is abnormal-both bone and air conduction is poor.
Causes include loud noise exposure (>85 db), inner ear infections, trauma, tumors, congenital and familial disorders, and aging

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Weber Hearing Test

Weber: Lateralization of sound

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rinne Hearing Test

Rinne: Compare time of air vs. bone conduction (air should be better).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Weber: Conductive v. sensorineural

Conductive loss: Hear sound better in bad ear.

- Sensorineural loss: Hear sound better in good ear.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lymph Nodes are located where?

Pre/Post auricular
Anterior and posterior cervical
Submental, Submaxillary
Occipital
Supraclavicular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common causes for sudden vision loss? (5)

retinal detachment, 
vitreous hemorrhage, 
central retinal artery occlusion, 
CVA, 
trauma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common causes for gradual vision loss? (10)

Aging, 
cataracts, 
glaucoma, 
HIV-CMV infection, 
autoimmune disease, 
diabetes, 
congenital, 
macular degeneration, 
neoplasm,
pseudotumor cerebri

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hyperopia

farsightedness – difficulty seeing near objects.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Myopia

nearsightedness – difficulty seeing distant objects.

Presbyopia

Presbyopia – aging vision – progressive difficulty seeing near objects.

Diplopia

Diplopia – double vision

Heterophoria

failure of the visual axes to remain parallel.

Esophoria vs | Exophoria –

Esophoria – one eye deviates inward Exophoria – one eye deviates outward Use cover test to evaluate

Homonymous Hemianopsia

Right or Left visual fields gone (optic tract or visual cortex lesion)

Bilateral Hemianopsia

Left field gone on Left eye and Right field gone on right eye (Optic Chiasm lesion)

Quadratic defects

A quarter of visual field gone(optic radiation lesion)

Blepharitis

inflamed lid margins

Entropion vs Ectropion

Entropion – Eyelid turns inward | Ectropion – Eyelid turns outward

Bulbar conjunctiva

covers the anterior eye

Palpebral conjunctiva

lines the eyelids

Jaundice causes...

yellow sclera

Osteogenesis Imperfecta causes....

Blue sclera

Pupillary Reaction to Light | Direct Reaction

Constriction of the same pupil

Pupillary Reaction to Light | Consensual Reaction

Constriction of the opposite pupil

Pupillary Reaction to Light | Accommodation

– Change in pupil and lens for near and far objects

Pupillary Reaction to Light | Convergence

– Eyes look inward to focus on a near object

Pinguecula

small nodule on the bulbar conjunctiva, does not cross over to the cornea.

Pterygium

Pterygium – thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva which grows across the cornea

Sty

Sty – infection at the margin | of the eyelid

Chalazion

Chalazion – painless nodule involving | the Meibomian gland

Xanthelasma

``` Xanthelasma – flat yellow plaques Found under the eye. Associated with hyperlipidemias. No treatment, investigate lipids and Cholesterol. ```

Ptosis

Ptosis – drooping of the upper eyelid. can be caused by Horner’s Syndrome – ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis – Bell’s Palsy – CN VII

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis – infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva. Red eye- Discomfort, discharge. Topical antibiotics.

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Subconjunctival hemorrhage – leakage of Blood under the conjunctiva. Painless, sharply demarcated, resolves on its own.

Funduscopic findings: papilledema.

Disc is swollen with blurred margins, physiologic cup not visible; sign of increased intracranial pressure.

Funduscopic findings: glaucomatous cupping.

Increased intraocular pressure, causes increased disc cupping. Physiologic cup is enlarged, occupying more than half of disc's diameter.

Cilliary Injection

– inflammation of the radiating vessels around the limbus. Very painful, vision affected. Can be a ocular emergency. Causes : Glaucoma, Acute Iritis, Corneal Infection or Injury

Hyphema

– Blood in the anterior chamber. | Due to trauma.

A-V Nicking

``` Hypertensive Retinopathy Arterial walls become thickened and lose transparency due to atherosclerotic changes. The veins appear to taper as the artery crosses. ```

Cotton wool Spots

– infarcted nerve fibers. Can be seen in patients with hypertension and diabetes.

Copper or Silver wiring

Also a Hypertensive retinopathy finding