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PCM > HEENT Exam > Flashcards

HEENT Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Conjunctiva (define)

A

protective membrane that covers all parts of the anterior globe, folding back on itself at superior and inferior fornix then extending onto the inner surface of upper and lower palpebra

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2
Q

Limbus (define)

A

where the conjunctiva meets the cornea

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3
Q

Palpebra

A

eyelid

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4
Q

Ptosis

A

eyelid partially or fully closed; drooping without specific anatomical markers to define it

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5
Q

Expothalmos

A

globe bulging forward so at rest, the lid is not able to reach the upper edge of the iris. Most typical for posterior fat pad growth stimulated in hyperthyroidism/Graves disease

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6
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal Pupils

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7
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rapid, rhythmic movement of eye in any direction

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8
Q

Strabismus

A

Misalignment of eyes relative to each other. If untreated can cause amblyopia (visual loss) of one eye

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9
Q

Patulous Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

A

Chronically Open

Autophony: hear yourself talk and breath. Intermittant. Mucosal dyhadration, chronically open

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10
Q

Dilatory Eustachian Tube Dysfunction.

A

Chronically Closed:
Dilatory failure. Mucosal inflammation, pressure (diving), anatomic abnormality. Pressure, pain, hearing loss, tinnitus.

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11
Q

Causes of a non-mobile tympanic membrane

A

fluid, mass, sclerosis

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12
Q

Causes of a Hyper-mobile tympanic membrane

A

ossicle bones disrupted

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13
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

bone conducting sound better than air.

Sound waves are not reaching or being conducted through the middle ear bone apparatus.
Causes include foreign body, otitis media, perforated eardrum, and otosclerosis of ossicles

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14
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

cochlear nerve is abnormal-both bone and air conduction is poor.
Causes include loud noise exposure (>85 db), inner ear infections, trauma, tumors, congenital and familial disorders, and aging

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15
Q

Weber Hearing Test

A

Weber: Lateralization of sound

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16
Q

Rinne Hearing Test

A

Rinne: Compare time of air vs. bone conduction (air should be better).

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17
Q

Weber: Conductive v. sensorineural

A
  • Conductive loss: Hear sound better in bad ear.

- Sensorineural loss: Hear sound better in good ear.

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18
Q

Lymph Nodes are located where?

A 
Pre/Post auricular
Anterior and posterior cervical
Submental, Submaxillary
Occipital
Supraclavicular
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19
Q

Common causes for sudden vision loss? (5)

A 
retinal detachment, 
vitreous hemorrhage, 
central retinal artery occlusion, 
CVA, 
trauma
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20
Q

Common causes for gradual vision loss? (10)

A 
Aging, 
cataracts, 
glaucoma, 
HIV-CMV infection, 
autoimmune disease, 
diabetes, 
congenital, 
macular degeneration, 
neoplasm,
pseudotumor cerebri
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21
Q

Hyperopia

A

farsightedness – difficulty seeing near objects.

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22
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness – difficulty seeing distant objects.

23
Q

Presbyopia

A

Presbyopia – aging vision – progressive difficulty seeing near objects.

24
Q

Diplopia

A

Diplopia – double vision

25
Q

Heterophoria

A

failure of the visual axes to remain parallel.

26
Q

Esophoria vs

Exophoria –

A

Esophoria – one eye deviates inward
Exophoria – one eye deviates outward
Use cover test to evaluate

27
Q

Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

Right or Left visual fields gone (optic tract or visual cortex lesion)

28
Q

Bilateral Hemianopsia

A

Left field gone on Left eye and Right field gone on right eye (Optic Chiasm lesion)

29
Q

Quadratic defects

A

A quarter of visual field gone(optic radiation lesion)

30
Q

Blepharitis

A

inflamed lid margins

31
Q

Entropion vs Ectropion

A

Entropion – Eyelid turns inward

Ectropion – Eyelid turns outward

32
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

covers the anterior eye

33
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

lines the eyelids

34
Q

Jaundice causes…

A

yellow sclera

35
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta causes….

A

Blue sclera

36
Q

Pupillary Reaction to Light

Direct Reaction

A

Constriction of the same pupil

37
Q

Pupillary Reaction to Light

Consensual Reaction

A

Constriction of the opposite pupil

38
Q

Pupillary Reaction to Light

Accommodation

A

– Change in pupil and lens for near and far objects

39
Q

Pupillary Reaction to Light

Convergence

A

– Eyes look inward to focus on a near object

40
Q

Pinguecula

A

small nodule on the
bulbar conjunctiva, does not cross
over to the cornea.

41
Q

Pterygium

A

Pterygium – thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva which grows across the cornea

42
Q

Sty

A

Sty – infection at the margin

of the eyelid

43
Q

Chalazion

A

Chalazion – painless nodule involving

the Meibomian gland

44
Q

Xanthelasma

A 
Xanthelasma – flat yellow plaques
Found under the eye.
Associated with  hyperlipidemias.
No treatment, investigate lipids and
Cholesterol.
45
Q

Ptosis

A

Ptosis – drooping of the upper eyelid.
can be caused by
Horner’s Syndrome – ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis –
Bell’s Palsy – CN VII

46
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctivitis – infection or
inflammation of the conjunctiva. Red eye-
Discomfort, discharge.
Topical antibiotics.

47
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

Subconjunctival hemorrhage – leakage of
Blood under the conjunctiva.
Painless, sharply demarcated, resolves on
its own.

48
Q

Funduscopic findings: papilledema.

A

Disc is swollen with blurred margins, physiologic cup not visible; sign of increased intracranial pressure.

49
Q

Funduscopic findings: glaucomatous cupping.

A

Increased intraocular pressure, causes increased disc cupping. Physiologic cup is enlarged, occupying more than half of disc’s diameter.

50
Q

Cilliary Injection

A

– inflammation of the radiating vessels around the limbus.
Very painful, vision affected.
Can be a ocular emergency.
Causes : Glaucoma, Acute Iritis, Corneal Infection or Injury

51
Q

Hyphema

A

– Blood in the anterior chamber.

Due to trauma.

52
Q

A-V Nicking

A 
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Arterial walls become thickened
and lose transparency due to  
atherosclerotic changes.
The veins appear to taper as the 
artery crosses.
53
Q

Cotton wool Spots

A

– infarcted nerve fibers.
Can be seen in patients with
hypertension and diabetes.

54
Q

Copper or Silver wiring

A

Also a Hypertensive retinopathy finding

PCM (14 decks)

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