HEENT Flashcards
Blepharitis is often associated with what skin disease?
Seborrheic dermatitis
How do you treat blepharitis?
Warm compresses and wash eyelids with baby shampoo
What do we call opacities of the natural lens of the eye due to progressive increase in the proportion of insoluble protein
Cataracts
What are some causes of cataracts?
smoking, UV light exposure, trauma, DM, and steroid use
What will you notice on PE if someone has cataracts?
Opacities and red reflex is lost
What virus is viral conjunctivitis caused by?
adenovirus
How does bacterial conjunctivitis typically present?
Copious purulent discharge – eyes may be glued shut on awakening
How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?
Erythromycin ointment or azithro drops
How does a corneal abrasion present?
Pain and foreign body sensation
What is dacroadenitis?
Obstruction of the lacrimal duct
How do we treat both entropion and ectropion?
Surgery
How does open-angle glaucoma present?
Progressive peripheral field loss
What is a normal intraocular pressure?
less than 21
What is considered an ocular emergency?
Closed-angle glaucoma
How does closed-angle glaucoma present?
Sudden onset of PAIN with visual changes. Headache, haloes, N/V, injected conjunctiva, with fixed pupil
How do we treat closed-angle glaucoma?
emergency topical beta-blockers
What is another for a stye?
Hordeolum
degenerative disease affecting the macula
macular degeneration
How does macular degeneration present?
central vision loss
What is pterygium?
Triangular conjunctival tissue; starts nasally –> cornea
This is most often due to trauma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal neovascularization. Patient presents with floaters and flashers. Painless loss of vision. “curtain being drawn”
Retinal detachment – most common from posterior vitreous detachment
What is the leading cause of blindness in the US?
Diabetic retinopathy
How do you treat diabetic retinopathy?
Optimized glucose control, regulation of BP, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy
What are the most common offending bacterial agents for otitis media?
Strep pneumo, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis
Schwann cell benign tumors affecting the 8th cranial nerve
Acoustic neuroma
What is the most common pathogen causing otitis externa?
Pseudomonas
Inability to equalize barometic pressure on the middle ear and is associated with eustachian tube dysfunction
Barotrauma
What are some peripheral causes of vestibular dysfunction? central causes?
peripheral: labyrinthitis, BPPV, Meniere syndrome, acoustic neuroma, and head injury
central: CVA, tumors, MS, and migraine
Are peripheral causes more likely to come on gradually or suddenly?
suddenly
Dix-Hallpike maneuver is used to diagnose?
BPPV
Lower range hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo – think of?
Meniere’s disease
How do you treat Meniere’s?
low-sodium diet and diuretics (acetazolamide)
What are the Rinne and Weber tests?
i don’t understand them. watch a youtube video.
Spiking fever, postauricular pain, erythema, and a fluctuant painful mass behind the ear are symptoms of?
Mastoiditis
how do you treat mastoiditis?
IV abx
What are the four parts to the CENTOR criteria?
- Fever 2. Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy 3. tonsillar swelling/exudate 4. absence of cough
How do we treat strep?
Oral PCN or cefuroxime
Whats another name for canker sores?
Aphthous ulcers – round ulcers with yellow-gray centers and red halos
What is the hallmark symptom of laryngitis?
hoarseness
How do you treat Thrush?
oral nystatin or fluconazole
Can thrush or leukoplakia be scraped off?
Thrush can, leukoplakia cannot
Oral leukoplakia is often linked to what?
tobacco, alcohol, or denture use
What are some signs of sinusitis?
Tenderness to palpation over the affected sinus, decreased light transmission with transillumination, and turbinate hypertrophy
how do we treat a sinus infection?
Augmentin
What is Samter’s triad?
asthma, nasal polyps, and ASA intolerance
What is the treatment of choice for nasal polyps?
3 month course of topical nasal corticosteroids
