Heath and Society - Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantages of cohort studies

A

Expensive
attrition (i.e. people may drop out)
Must consider how long for risk factor to cause disease

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2
Q

Disadvantages for case control

A

Recall bias

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3
Q

Advantages of case control study

A

observational study
good for rare diseases
Good for tracing source of an outbreak

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4
Q

What should be considered when critiquing systematic reviews

A

Inclusion of studies:
Publication bias
Studies not in english

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5
Q

Define sensitivity

A

the likelihood that a test will pick up someone with disease

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6
Q

A highly specific test will…

A

Correctly identify a high proportion of people free from disease

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7
Q

A D dimer test is highly specific therefore it has a low or high number of false negatives

A

low false negative

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8
Q

Define positive predictive valve

A

Probability that those with a positive result truly have disease

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9
Q

Define negative predictive value

A

probability that those with a negative result truly are disease free

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10
Q

What is a 95% confidence value

A

The range in which the population mean is 95% likely to lie

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11
Q

What is a p value

A

Probability of results being found if there is no difference in treatments (accept null hypothesis)

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12
Q

Risk ratio

A

Ratio of the risk of an event between two groups

used in cohort studies

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13
Q

Odds ratio

A

chance that something will happen : compared to chance that something will not
(used in case control studies)

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14
Q

Define relative risk

A

One population’s risk compared to another population

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15
Q

Define absolute risk

A

one population’s risk in its own right

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16
Q

What is intention to treat analysis?

A

Participants in a trial are analysed within the group they were allocated, even if they didn’t complete the trial

17
Q

Suggest the criteria for a suitable screening test

A

Simple, safe, precise and validated
Distribution of test values should be known and suitable cut-off agreed
Benefits outweigh risk of screening
There should be effective treatment with evidence of early detection leading to better outcomes