Block 9 Disease processes Flashcards
What differentiates a malignant lesion from a benign lesion
the ability to invade and or metastasise
Is Eosin an acidic or a basic dye
acidic
Acidic dyes stain basic components such as…
proteins
A disease which causes caseous necrosis
Tuberculosis
Granulomas seen in tuberculosis are characterised by what type of cells
Epitheloid and langerhan giant cells
Example of a pathology that may give rise to liquefactive necrosis
Brain trauma e.g. stroke
Contrast hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size Hyperplasia = Increase in cell number
List the contents of the dermis
Sebaceous glands, merocrine glands, sonsory nerves and small blood vessels
What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes ?
Neural crest cells
Intraepidermal macrophages are also known as
Langerhans cells
Some bacteria contain siderophores, what does this virulence factor enable bacteria to do
High affinity iron chelating compounds enable bacteria to obtain essential nutrients
What is the effect of the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
Inhibition of acetylcholine release
What class of antibiotic is gentamicin
Aminoglycoside
What is the mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics
50s ribosome inhibitors
How may bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics?
Horizontal gene transfer or conjugation
Mutations
Suggest some endogenous pyrogens
IL-1, IL-6 –> trigger prostaglandin release –> acts on hypothalamus
Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with which virus
Epstein-Barr
Mechanism of action of acyclovir
Inhibition of herpes virus DNA polymerase
What is the predominant cell type in chronic inflammation
Lymphocytes
What is the predominant cell type in acute inflammation
Neutrophils
What is transudate
Extravascular fluid passed through a membrane extruded from tissues in contrast to exudate it has high fluidity and low protein
Mechanism of action of tenofovir
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
Example of a deep mycoses following inhalation of fungus
Aspergillis
How do Polyenes work
Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane causing formation of pores leading to potassium leakage
Parasite spread by Tsete fly
African trypanosomiasis
Describe the stages in the development of an atheromatous plaque
macrophages digest oxidised LDL –> foam cells
Inflammation
Endothelial cell thickening
Wall stiffening becoming less compliant to stretching
Define sarcoma
Neoplasm of mesenchymal origin
Define carcinoma
Neoplasm of epithelial origin
Define the term Bullae
Large fluid filled blister greater than 0.5cm
Define the term wheals
Transient raised lesions due to oedema
Define the term papule
inflammed red spot without pus, palpable and up to 0.5cm
Role of p21
CDK inhibitor
The M–> G1 transition point of the cell cycle represents the transition of which phases of mitosis
metaphase –> anaphase
Role of gatekeeper genes and give examples
Halt cell cycle and bring about pathways that control apoptosis, p53, RB and APC
Histological features of neoplasia
Hyperchromatic nuclei
loss of tissue architecture
poorly defined borders
multiple mitotic figures
What does attenuated mean in terms of vaccines
reduced virulence
What may be used in a non-living vaccine
killed whole organism
Antigenic components
DNA from organism
