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Medicine year 2 > Block 9 Disease processes > Flashcards

Block 9 Disease processes Flashcards

1
Q

What differentiates a malignant lesion from a benign lesion

A

the ability to invade and or metastasise

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2
Q

Is Eosin an acidic or a basic dye

A

acidic

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3
Q

Acidic dyes stain basic components such as…

A

proteins

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4
Q

A disease which causes caseous necrosis

A

Tuberculosis

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5
Q

Granulomas seen in tuberculosis are characterised by what type of cells

A

Epitheloid and langerhan giant cells

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6
Q

Example of a pathology that may give rise to liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain trauma e.g. stroke

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7
Q

Contrast hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A 
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size 
Hyperplasia = Increase in cell number
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8
Q

List the contents of the dermis

A

Sebaceous glands, merocrine glands, sonsory nerves and small blood vessels

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9
Q

What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes ?

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages are also known as

A

Langerhans cells

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11
Q

Some bacteria contain siderophores, what does this virulence factor enable bacteria to do

A

High affinity iron chelating compounds enable bacteria to obtain essential nutrients

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12
Q

What is the effect of the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum

A

Inhibition of acetylcholine release

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13
Q

What class of antibiotic is gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics

A

50s ribosome inhibitors

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15
Q

How may bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics?

A

Horizontal gene transfer or conjugation

Mutations

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16
Q

Suggest some endogenous pyrogens

A

IL-1, IL-6 –> trigger prostaglandin release –> acts on hypothalamus

17
Q

Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with which virus

A

Epstein-Barr

18
Q

Mechanism of action of acyclovir

A

Inhibition of herpes virus DNA polymerase

19
Q

What is the predominant cell type in chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

20
Q

What is the predominant cell type in acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils

21
Q

What is transudate

A

Extravascular fluid passed through a membrane extruded from tissues in contrast to exudate it has high fluidity and low protein

22
Q

Mechanism of action of tenofovir

A

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

23
Q

Example of a deep mycoses following inhalation of fungus

A

Aspergillis

24
Q

How do Polyenes work

A

Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane causing formation of pores leading to potassium leakage

25
Q

Parasite spread by Tsete fly

A

African trypanosomiasis

26
Q

Describe the stages in the development of an atheromatous plaque

A

macrophages digest oxidised LDL –> foam cells
Inflammation
Endothelial cell thickening
Wall stiffening becoming less compliant to stretching

27
Q

Define sarcoma

A

Neoplasm of mesenchymal origin

28
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Neoplasm of epithelial origin

29
Q

Define the term Bullae

A

Large fluid filled blister greater than 0.5cm

30
Q

Define the term wheals

A

Transient raised lesions due to oedema

31
Q

Define the term papule

A

inflammed red spot without pus, palpable and up to 0.5cm

32
Q

Role of p21

A

CDK inhibitor

33
Q

The M–> G1 transition point of the cell cycle represents the transition of which phases of mitosis

A

metaphase –> anaphase

34
Q

Role of gatekeeper genes and give examples

A

Halt cell cycle and bring about pathways that control apoptosis, p53, RB and APC

35
Q

Histological features of neoplasia

A

Hyperchromatic nuclei
loss of tissue architecture
poorly defined borders
multiple mitotic figures

36
Q

What does attenuated mean in terms of vaccines

A

reduced virulence

37
Q

What may be used in a non-living vaccine

A

killed whole organism
Antigenic components
DNA from organism

Medicine year 2 (8 decks)

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