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Systems Physiology > Heart Part 1 > Flashcards

Heart Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does CVS transport?

A

oxygen and co2
water and nutrients
metabolities and hormones
Heat
Waste products.

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2
Q

Why is the CVS amazingly reliable?

A

over 2.5 billion beats in 70 years

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3
Q

Why is the heart remarkably flexible?

A

pump can vary output

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4
Q

Why does the hearts pump vary?

A
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5
Q

What are the CVS components?

A

Pump – the heart (nearly 100,000 beats / day)
* Pipes – the blood vessels
* Fluid in the system – the blood
* 2 circuits (circulation of blood)– The Pulmonary Circuit– The Systemic Circui

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6
Q

What are the two circuits in the heart?

A
  • the pulmonary circuit
  • the systemic circuit
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7
Q

What makes up the pulmonary circulation?

A

Heart
Lungs
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

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8
Q

slide 12

A
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9
Q

function of arteries?

A

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery.

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10
Q

function of veins?

A

return deoxygenated blood to the heart, except pulmonary vein.

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11
Q

function of capillaries?

A
  • sites of nutrient, metabolic products, and fluid exchange.
  • Capillaries connect arteries to veins
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12
Q

What di capilleries connect?

A

Capillaries connect arteries to veins

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13
Q

what are the three layers of arteries.

A

1) an inner, single layer of endothelium
2) a middle, thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres (allows the arteries to stretch and contract)
3) an outer connective tissue coat.

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14
Q

slide 15

A
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15
Q

how do arteries regulate blood pressure?

A

arteries constrict and contract.
The smooth muscle fibres contract or dilate to adjust the size of
the calibre (internal diameter)

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16
Q

the anatomic structures of arteries are important in…

A

…regulating blood flow.

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17
Q

define calibre

A

internal diameter

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18
Q

in arteries, small changes in the vessel lumen can greatly affect…

A

…blood pressure and blood flow.

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19
Q

veins have the same…

A

… three layers as arteries.

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20
Q

why are the middle and outer layers of the veins much thinner than they are in arteries?

A

Because veins do not regulate blood pressure and
blood flow into capillaries as arteries do.

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21
Q

Because of a veins thinner layers, what happens to veins if not filled with blood?

A

they collapse

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22
Q

Because of the thinner layers, veins collapse if not
filled with blood – lower pressure. How to
overcome this?

A

Most veins have efficient valves to prevent back
flow of blood (not all veins are ‘that’ efficient)

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23
Q

Veins further away from the heart (e.g. lower limbs) rely more on…

A

…valves, ensuring that blood only flows in one direction.

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24
Q

slide 20

A
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25
Q

what makes up the walls of capillaries?

A

vascular endothelium

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26
Q

what comprises a capillary?

A

Comprise a single endothelial
layer – continuous with the
vascular endothelium of arteries
and veins

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27
Q

what do capillaries form?

A

dense networks (capillary beds) in the tissues

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28
Q

number of capillaries?

A

large number

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29
Q

why a large number of capillaries?

A

large surface area.

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30
Q

why a single endothelial layer in capilleries?

A

short diffusion distance – ideal for exchange

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31
Q

Output of the left ventricle is distributed so that…

A

… each part of the body receives a fresh blood supply.

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32
Q

The same arterial blood does not pass from…

A

…organ to organ.

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33
Q

what is O2 exchanged for?

A

O2 exchanged for CO2 in tissue cells.

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34
Q

slide 29

A
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35
Q

why is blood pressure important?

A
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36
Q

What do 4 one way heart valves ensure?

A

ensure the unidirectional flow of blood

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37
Q

What do pressure differences cause in terms of valves?

A

Pressure differences cause openings and closing of valves.

38
Q

when pressure is greater in front of the valve, what happens?

A

it closes.

39
Q

When pressure is greater behind the valve, what happens?

A

it opens.

40
Q

Forward pressure gradient =

A

open

41
Q

backward pressure gradient =

A

closed.

42
Q

What is the function of atrioventricular valves?

A

prevent backflow from ventricles to atria.

43
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between RA and RV

44
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

between LA and LV (sometimes called mitral valve).

45
Q

What is the bicuspid valve sometimes called?

A

sometimes called mitral valve.

46
Q

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles play an
important role in…

A

… preventing backflow to atria.

47
Q

What happens when papillary muscles contract?

A

Contraction of papillary muscles tenses chordae tendineae, holding
cusps closed.

48
Q

whats the function of semi-lunar valves?

A

prevent backflow from major arteries to ventricles.
- pulmonary trunk into RV (pulmonary semi-lunar valve)
– Aorta into LV (aortic semi-lunar valve)

49
Q

what do semi lunar valves act in?

A

act in a passive manner

50
Q

semi lunar valves have no papillary muscles because

A

… arteries do not contract.

51
Q

What is the left aortic sinus the origin of?

A

origin of the left coronary artery.

52
Q

What is the right aortic sinus the origin of?

A

origin of the right coronary artery.

53
Q

What is Mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Cusps of the mitral valve do not close properly, allowing
some blood to flow back into atrium during ventricular
contraction.

54
Q

What are some causes of Mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Causes are congenital heart problems, infection, heart
attacks

55
Q

What are symptoms of Mitral valve regurgitation?

A

Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, oedema

56
Q

slide 53

A
57
Q

How can electrical activity of the heart be tracked?

A

with an ECG

58
Q

slide 54

A
59
Q

Examples of heart conditions diagnosed using ECG:

A

 Enlargement of the heart
 Congenital heart defects involving the conducting system
 Arrhythmia
 Coronary occlusion
 Ischaemia
 Abnormal position of the heart
 Pericarditis or myocarditis
 Cardiac arrest (in ER or ICU)
 Electrolyte imbalances
 Previous heart attacks

60
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

fibrous sac, surrounds the heart

61
Q

slide 73

A
62
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium

63
Q

What is myocardium?

A

cardiac muscle

64
Q

What are cardiac muscle cells also known as?

A

cardiocytes/cardiomyocytes

65
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are unique to…….??

A

unique to the heart

66
Q

what kind of muscle is cardiac muscle?

A

Striated Involuntary Muscle Tissue

67
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

68
Q

is cardiac muscle smooth or striated?

A

striated.

69
Q

cardiac muscle cells have….

A

… Numerous mitochondria (up to 40% of cell volume)

70
Q

Humans are born with a set number of…

A

…cardiomyocytes

71
Q

Humans are born with a set number of cardiomyocytes, which only…

A

…increase in size during childhood development into adulthood

72
Q

Implications for heart disease?

A

– myocardial death

73
Q

Recent evidence suggests cardiomyocytes are actually slowly …

A

… turned over, but less than 50% of the cardiomyocytes are replaced during a normal life span.

74
Q

the different parts of the heart?

A
  • Position of transverse pericardilal sinus
  • Heart
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous paericardium
  • Pericadial cavity
75
Q

Whats the serous fluid made of?

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer.
76
Q

What are adjacent cells joined at?

A

joined at intercalated discs.

77
Q

2 types of membrane junctions
are present within an
intercalated disc which are?

A
  1. Desmosomes (mechanically
    holds the cells together)
  2. Gap junctions (allow action
    potentials to spread from one
    cardiac cell to adjacent cells)
78
Q

Intercalated discs allow for?

A

Allows the entire muscle
mass of the atrium or
ventricle to contract almost simultaneously
(functional syncytium )

79
Q

slide 80

A
80
Q

81

A
81
Q

82

A
82
Q

Using a stethoscope, it is possible to…

A

… listen to the heart. (auscultation).

83
Q

what is the first sound heard in a stethoscope caused by?

A

Closure of the mitral (bicuspid or left AV) valve and the tricuspid (or right AV)

84
Q

What does the first sound heard in a stethoscope indicate?

A

Beginning of ventricular
contraction (systole).

85
Q

What is the second sound heard in the stethoscope caused by?

A

Closure of the aortic and
pulmonary (semilunar) valves.

86
Q

What does the second sound heard in the stethoscope indicate?

A

Beginning of ventricular
relaxation (diastole)

87
Q

Ausculation can be used as a…

A

… diagnostic tool

88
Q

What does a murmur mean in heart sounds?

A

turbulent flow; often benign in children

89
Q

What does a whistle mean in heart sounds?

A

stenotic valve; stiff and incompletely open

90
Q

What does a swish mean in heart sounds?

A

valve insufficiency; does not close perfectly

91
Q
A

Systems Physiology (6 decks)

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