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Systems Physiology > Blood pressure 2 > Flashcards

Blood pressure 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define blood pressure

A

pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the
walls of blood vessels. Force applied to the vessel walls.

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2
Q

What is flow rate of blood?

A

volume of blood flowing through a specific vessel - or organ - over a peroid of time (L.min)

 Directly proportional to pressure gradient
 Inversely proportional to vascular resistance

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3
Q

What causes resistance to blood flow?

A
  1. Vessel dimensions
    Length
    Radius

Blood ‘rubbing’
Greater the surface area = Greater the resistance

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4
Q

why does length cause resistance to blood flow?

A

brain near the heart (shorter distance)

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5
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart

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6
Q

how to calculate cardiac output?

A

CO = heart rate x ventricle stroke volume = dm3/min, L/min

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7
Q

Define peripheral resistance?

A

resistance of arteries and arterioles to blood flow

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8
Q

Any factor causing WHAT to change will result in a change in blood pressure?

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance

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9
Q

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) is clinically defined as?

A

perfusion pressure

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10
Q

what is perfusion pressure normally?

A

70-110 mmHg

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11
Q

what is skin perfusion pressure?

A

local pressure in the microscirculation

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12
Q

What is the function of skin perfusion pressure (SPP)?

A

Predicting wound healing
Amputation level determination, in particular major amputations

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13
Q

sympathetic affect on regulation of blood pressure?

A

increased HR and BP

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14
Q

parasympathetic affect on regulation of blood pressure?

A

decreased HR and BP

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15
Q

What do baroreceptors influence?

A

Influences heart and blood vessels to adjust pressure and
total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

what are the most important baroreceptors located?

A
  1. Carotid sinus – arterial BP to the brain
  2. Aortic arch baroreceptors – major arterial trunk
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17
Q

what do baroreceptors generate?

A

continuously generated action potentials in response to ongoing pressure in the arteries.

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18
Q

increased arterial pressure =

A

increased rate of neuronal firing

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19
Q

decreased arterial pressure =

A

decreased rate of neuronal firing.

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20
Q

Where is the integrating centre located?

A

medulla oblongata

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21
Q

what does the integrating centre contain?

A

Cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centres

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22
Q

What does the integrating centre receive?

A

Receives afferent impulses from peripheral organs

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23
Q

decreased heart rate and vasodilation = ?

A

decreased blood pressure

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24
Q

increased heart rate + vasocontriction = ?

A

increased blood pressure

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25
Q

what affects heart rate and vasoconstriciton/dilation?

A
  • Carotid sinus & aortic arch baroreceptors affects rate of afferent firing.
  • Medulla oblongata regulates synpathetic and parasympathetic activity to control vasocons/dila.
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26
Q

What neurons are involved in parasympathetic (rest/digest) division and sympathetic divisions (fight/flight) ?

A

rest/digest = cholinergic neurons
fight/flight = initially cholinergic then noradrenergic neurons post synapse.

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27
Q

what do post synaptic noradrenergic neurons in the sympathetic division bind to?

A

binds to muscle (a and b receptors).

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28
Q

what do post synaptic cholinergic neurons in the para-sympathetic division bind to?

A

binds to muscle (m receptors)

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29
Q

Many other factors contribute to BP modulation (Acutely & chronically) which are?

A

O2 & CO2
Hypothalamic activity
Autonomic  ‘fast’
Hormonal  ‘slow’
RAAS
Endothelial-derived relaxing factor
Bradykinin
Histamine
Body composition
Gender
Many others

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30
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine are both known as…

A

catecholamines

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31
Q

name of channels in sinoatrial node cells ?

A

funny channels

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32
Q

what are M receptors?

A

Muscarinic

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33
Q

define micturition

A

the act of urination

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34
Q

What are the Two types of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) ?

A

 Nicotinic AChRs
 Muscarinic AChRs  important in parasympathetic activity

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35
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Located in carotid and aortic arteries

36
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

… Sensitive to low O2 or high acid levels in the blood

37
Q

If blood pressure is low, what hapens to circulation?

A

circulation is less efficient

38
Q

If blood pressure is low, circulation is less efficient. What happens as a result?

A
  1. PO2 decreases
  2. PCO2 increases
  3. H+ increases
39
Q

Chemoreceptors send…

A

…impulses via sensory nerves to
the medulla oblongata

40
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Metabolic processes & activities 
body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, circadian cycles, etc.

41
Q

Hypothalamic Neural Control of SMS?

A

Projections to areas of the
SMS = Increase or decrease sympathetic activity.

e.g.
Hypothermia  shivering
Hyperthermia  vasodilation

42
Q

What sections of the hypothalamus inluence antidiuretic hormone

A
  • Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus (PVN)
  • Supraoptic Nucleus (SON)
43
Q

where is the Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) of the Hypothalamus located?

A

Location: Located in the hypothalamus.

44
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) of the Hypothalamus function?

A

Produces and regulates the release of ADH and other hormones. It plays a key role in fluid balance and stress response.

45
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) located?

A

Also found in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the PVN.

46
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) function?

A

Similar to the PVN, it produces ADH and releases it into the bloodstream through the neurohypophysis.

47
Q

where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Arginine Vasopressin synthesised?

A

Synthesized in the PVN and SON.

48
Q

where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Arginine Vasopressin released into?

A

Released into the bloodstream via the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland) in response to increased plasma osmolality or low blood volume.

49
Q

where are Water Channels (Aquaporin-2) located?

A

Present in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.

50
Q

action of Water Channels (Aquaporin-2)?

A

ADH binds to receptors on these cells, leading to an increase in the expression and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.

51
Q

Water Channels (Aquaporin-2)
- Location: Present in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.
- Action: ADH binds to receptors on these cells, leading to an increase in the expression and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.

What is the effect of this?

A

This increases water permeability, allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream, resulting in increased urine osmolality (more concentrated urine).

52
Q

where are Urea Transporters found?

A

Found in the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct

53
Q

what affect does ADH have on urea transporters?

A
  • ADH increases the cell surface expression of urea transporters.
  • Effect: This enhances the reabsorption of urea, contributing to the osmotic gradient that facilitates further water reabsorption.
54
Q

Whats does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulate?

A

Regulates:
i. Body’s salt balance
ii. Water retention
iii. Blood pressure

55
Q

whats renin synthesised and stored as ?

A

Synthetized & stored as pro-renin in juxtaglomerular cells

56
Q

Renal sympathetic activity (adrenaline/noradrenaline) is controlled by…

A

… B1 adrenergic receptors

57
Q

How does renin convert to angiotensin I ?

A

Renin substrate cleaves angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

58
Q

What is angiotensinogen ?

A

α-2-globulin produced constitutively by the liver and adipose tissue.

59
Q

Angiotensinogen+Renin→?

A

AngiotensinI

60
Q

Angiotensin I is then converted to…

A

… angiotensin II by the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily in the lungs.

61
Q

Angiotensinogen is located mainly in…

A

…lung capillaries but also found in lower levels in endothelium (brain, testis, etc) and kidney epithelial cells

62
Q

Angiotensin II - Central nervous system effects

A

Increases thirst sensation (dipsogenic) & Increases desire for salt

63
Q

peripheral affects of angiotensin II?

A
  • Stimulates release of aldosterone
  • Vasoconstriction (activates IP3  ↑ intracellular Ca++)
  • Na+/H+ exchanger in proximal tubules
     Na+ reabsorption
     H+ excretion
     bicarbonate (HCO3−) reabsorption
64
Q

whats aldosterone?

A

Steroid, mineralocorticoid hormone

65
Q

where is aldosterone produced?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

66
Q

what does aldosterone bind to?

A

Nuclear mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in distal tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron

67
Q

Whats the function of aldosterone?

A
  • Upregulates basolateral Na+/K+
    pumps
  • Upregulates epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs), increasing apical membrane permeability for Na+
68
Q

aldosterone stimulates…

A

…Na+ and water reabsorption from the gut,
salivary and sweat glands in exchange for K+

69
Q

Aldosterone allows secretion of …

A

…H+ in exchange for Na+ in the intercalated
cells of the cortical collecting tubules, regulating plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) levels and its acid/base balance.

70
Q

what causes decreased blood pressure?

A

Dehydration, blood losses, anaphylaxis, etc.

71
Q

what does ACE stand for?

A

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

72
Q

Where is ACE produced?

A

lungs

73
Q

What is the main cause of hypertension?

A

obesity

74
Q

describe adipose tissue in obesity?

A

adipose tissue poorly vascularised

75
Q

Obesity affect on vascular resistance 🥶😶‍🌫️😳?

A

Vascular resistance dramatically increased

76
Q

Obesity affect on cardiac output?

A

Compensatory increased Cardiac Output

77
Q

Obesity affect on perfusion pressure?

A

Decreased perfusion pressure

78
Q

Obesity causes…

A

…hypoxia, which causes inflammation

79
Q

whats hypoxia?

A

Hypoxia is a condition where the body’s tissues do not receive adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level

80
Q

Why is inflammation caused by obesity a problem?

A

Deterrent to healing & wound breakdown

81
Q

Acute affects of physical activity?

A

Increased blood pressure, heart frequency,
cardiac output

82
Q

Chronic affects of physical activity?

A

Skeletal muscle – highly vascularized
Increases muscle mass – angiogenesis
Decreases vascular resistance
Decreases diastolic blood pressure

83
Q

Muscle is highly…

A

… vascularised

84
Q

One pound of muscle contains …

A

… about 6.5 miles of blood vessels

85
Q

adipose tissue is poorly…

A

…poorly vascularised 🥹

  • leads to vascular resistance.
86
Q
A

Systems Physiology (7 decks)

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