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Systems Physiology I > Blood pressure 2 > Flashcards

Blood pressure 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define blood pressure

A

pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the
walls of blood vessels. Force applied to the vessel walls.

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2
Q

What is flow rate of blood?

A

volume of blood flowing through a specific vessel - or organ - over a peroid of time (L.min)

 Directly proportional to pressure gradient
 Inversely proportional to vascular resistance

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3
Q

What causes resistance to blood flow?

A
  1. Vessel dimensions
    Length
    Radius

Blood ‘rubbing’
Greater the surface area = Greater the resistance

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4
Q

why does length cause resistance to blood flow?

A

brain near the heart (shorter distance)

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5
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by the heart

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6
Q

how to calculate cardiac output?

A

CO = heart rate x ventricle stroke volume = dm3/min, L/min

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7
Q

Define peripheral resistance?

A

resistance of arteries and arterioles to blood flow

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8
Q

Any factor causing WHAT to change will result in a change in blood pressure?

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance

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9
Q

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) is clinically defined as?

A

perfusion pressure

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10
Q

what is perfusion pressure normally?

A

70-110 mmHg

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11
Q

what is skin perfusion pressure?

A

local pressure in the microscirculation

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12
Q

What is the function of skin perfusion pressure (SPP)?

A

Predicting wound healing
Amputation level determination, in particular major amputations

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13
Q

sympathetic affect on regulation of blood pressure?

A

increased HR and BP

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14
Q

parasympathetic affect on regulation of blood pressure?

A

decreased HR and BP

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15
Q

What do baroreceptors influence?

A

Influences heart and blood vessels to adjust pressure and
total peripheral resistance

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16
Q

what are the most important baroreceptors located?

A
  1. Carotid sinus – arterial BP to the brain
  2. Aortic arch baroreceptors – major arterial trunk
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17
Q

what do baroreceptors generate?

A

continuously generated action potentials in response to ongoing pressure in the arteries.

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18
Q

increased arterial pressure =

A

increased rate of neuronal firing

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19
Q

decreased arterial pressure =

A

decreased rate of neuronal firing.

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20
Q

Where is the integrating centre located?

A

medulla oblongata

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21
Q

what does the integrating centre contain?

A

Cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centres

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22
Q

What does the integrating centre receive?

A

Receives afferent impulses from peripheral organs

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23
Q

decreased heart rate and vasodilation = ?

A

decreased blood pressure

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24
Q

increased heart rate + vasocontriction = ?

A

increased blood pressure

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25
what affects heart rate and vasoconstriciton/dilation?
- Carotid sinus & aortic arch baroreceptors affects rate of afferent firing. - Medulla oblongata regulates synpathetic and parasympathetic activity to control vasocons/dila.
26
What neurons are involved in parasympathetic (rest/digest) division and sympathetic divisions (fight/flight) ?
rest/digest = cholinergic neurons fight/flight = initially cholinergic then noradrenergic neurons post synapse.
27
what do post synaptic noradrenergic neurons in the sympathetic division bind to?
binds to muscle (a and b receptors).
28
what do post synaptic cholinergic neurons in the para-sympathetic division bind to?
binds to muscle (m receptors)
29
Many other factors contribute to BP modulation (Acutely & chronically) which are?
O2 & CO2 Hypothalamic activity Autonomic  ‘fast’ Hormonal  ‘slow’ RAAS Endothelial-derived relaxing factor Bradykinin Histamine Body composition Gender Many others
30
norepinephrine and epinephrine are both known as...
catecholamines
31
name of channels in sinoatrial node cells ?
funny channels
32
what are M receptors?
Muscarinic
33
define micturition
the act of urination
34
What are the Two types of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) ?
 Nicotinic AChRs  Muscarinic AChRs  important in parasympathetic activity
35
Where are chemoreceptors located?
Located in carotid and aortic arteries
36
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?
... Sensitive to low O2 or high acid levels in the blood
37
If blood pressure is low, what hapens to circulation?
circulation is less efficient
38
If blood pressure is low, circulation is less efficient. What happens as a result?
1. PO2 decreases 2. PCO2 increases 3. H+ increases
39
Chemoreceptors send...
...impulses via sensory nerves to the medulla oblongata
40
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Metabolic processes & activities  body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, circadian cycles, etc.
41
Hypothalamic Neural Control of SMS?
Projections to areas of the SMS = Increase or decrease sympathetic activity. e.g. Hypothermia  shivering Hyperthermia  vasodilation
42
What sections of the hypothalamus inluence antidiuretic hormone
- Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus (PVN) - Supraoptic Nucleus (SON)
43
where is the Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) of the Hypothalamus located?
Location: Located in the hypothalamus.
44
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) of the Hypothalamus function?
Produces and regulates the release of ADH and other hormones. It plays a key role in fluid balance and stress response.
45
Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) located?
Also found in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the PVN.
46
Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) function?
Similar to the PVN, it produces ADH and releases it into the bloodstream through the neurohypophysis.
47
where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Arginine Vasopressin synthesised?
Synthesized in the PVN and SON.
48
where is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) / Arginine Vasopressin released into?
Released into the bloodstream via the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland) in response to increased plasma osmolality or low blood volume.
49
where are Water Channels (Aquaporin-2) located?
Present in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.
50
action of Water Channels (Aquaporin-2)?
ADH binds to receptors on these cells, leading to an increase in the expression and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane.
51
Water Channels (Aquaporin-2) - Location: Present in the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron. - Action: ADH binds to receptors on these cells, leading to an increase in the expression and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane. What is the effect of this?
This increases water permeability, allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream, resulting in increased urine osmolality (more concentrated urine).
52
where are Urea Transporters found?
Found in the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct
53
what affect does ADH have on urea transporters?
- ADH increases the cell surface expression of urea transporters. - Effect: This enhances the reabsorption of urea, contributing to the osmotic gradient that facilitates further water reabsorption.
54
Whats does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulate?
Regulates: i. Body’s salt balance ii. Water retention iii. Blood pressure
55
whats renin synthesised and stored as ?
Synthetized & stored as pro-renin in juxtaglomerular cells
56
Renal sympathetic activity (adrenaline/noradrenaline) is controlled by...
... B1 adrenergic receptors
57
How does renin convert to angiotensin I ?
Renin substrate cleaves angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I
58
What is angiotensinogen ?
α-2-globulin produced constitutively by the liver and adipose tissue.
59
Angiotensinogen+Renin→?
Angiotensin I
60
Angiotensin I is then converted to...
... angiotensin II by the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily in the lungs.
61
Angiotensinogen is located mainly in...
...lung capillaries but also found in lower levels in endothelium (brain, testis, etc) and kidney epithelial cells
62
Angiotensin II - Central nervous system effects
Increases thirst sensation (dipsogenic) & Increases desire for salt
63
peripheral affects of angiotensin II?
- Stimulates release of aldosterone - Vasoconstriction (activates IP3  ↑ intracellular Ca++) - Na+/H+ exchanger in proximal tubules  Na+ reabsorption  H+ excretion  bicarbonate (HCO3−) reabsorption
64
whats aldosterone?
Steroid, mineralocorticoid hormone
65
where is aldosterone produced?
Zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
66
what does aldosterone bind to?
Nuclear mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in distal tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron
67
Whats the function of aldosterone?
- Upregulates basolateral Na+/K+ pumps - Upregulates epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs), increasing apical membrane permeability for Na+
68
aldosterone stimulates...
...Na+ and water reabsorption from the gut, salivary and sweat glands in exchange for K+
69
Aldosterone allows secretion of ...
...H+ in exchange for Na+ in the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting tubules, regulating plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) levels and its acid/base balance.
70
what causes decreased blood pressure?
Dehydration, blood losses, anaphylaxis, etc.
71
what does ACE stand for?
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
72
Where is ACE produced?
lungs
73
What is the main cause of hypertension?
obesity
74
describe adipose tissue in obesity?
adipose tissue poorly vascularised
75
Obesity affect on vascular resistance 🥶😶‍🌫️😳?
Vascular resistance dramatically increased
76
Obesity affect on cardiac output?
Compensatory increased Cardiac Output
77
Obesity affect on perfusion pressure?
Decreased perfusion pressure
78
Obesity causes...
...hypoxia, which causes inflammation
79
whats hypoxia?
Hypoxia is a condition where the body’s tissues do not receive adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level
80
Why is inflammation caused by obesity a problem?
Deterrent to healing & wound breakdown
81
Acute affects of physical activity?
Increased blood pressure, heart frequency, cardiac output
82
Chronic affects of physical activity?
Skeletal muscle – highly vascularized Increases muscle mass – angiogenesis Decreases vascular resistance Decreases diastolic blood pressure
83
Muscle is highly...
... vascularised
84
One pound of muscle contains ...
... about 6.5 miles of blood vessels
85
adipose tissue is poorly...
...poorly vascularised 🥹 - leads to vascular resistance.
86

Systems Physiology I (21 decks)

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