Heart, Mediastinum, Neck

Question 1

the L coronary artery runs in the atrioventricular groove has these 2 main branches:

Answer 1

circumflex branch - runs in AV groove

anterior interventricular branch or left anterior descending (LAD) - main blood supply of left ventricle

Question 2

R coronary artery runs in ___ groove and terminates posteriorly as ____

Answer 2

R coronary artery runs in AV groove on right, terminates posteriorly as posterior interventricular artery

also has a marginal branch

Question 3

venous cardiac blood returns through the ___ to the R atrium

Answer 3

coronary sinus

Question 4

crista terminalis

Answer 4

junction between smooth and rough part of R atrium

smooth - derived from embryonic vein
rough - primitive heart

Question 5

fossa ovalis and location?

Answer 5

small depression on the interatrial septum between R/L atrium

remnant of embryonic foramen ovale - allows placental blood to pass from R heart to L heart to reach systemic circulation

Question 6

aka the heart strings, and what is their function

Answer 6

chordae tendineae

connects cusps of the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves to the papillary muscle (which keeps valve closed during contraction)

Question 7

the heart walls are thickest where

Answer 7

left ventricle

Question 8

what happens when aortic and pulmonary valves are open

Answer 8

systole, allow blood flow to pulmonary and systemic circulations

Question 9

what is the order of the cardiac conduction system

Answer 9

SA (sino-atrial) is pacemaker in R atrium –>
excitation spreads along walls of R/L atria to reach AV node –>
Bundle of His divides into L/R bundles which travel along interventricular septum

Question 10

the tendon of Todaro, septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, and coronary sinus make the borders of the ___ and in this is where the AV node is found

Answer 10

triangle of Koch

Question 11

transverse pericardial sinus divides ____ from ____

Answer 11

divides outflow tracks (aorta and pulmonary trunk) anteriorly from the venous return posteriorly

Question 12

heart is covered by the __

Answer 12

pericardium

Question 13

brachiocephalic artery branches into ___ and ___

Answer 13

common carotid and subclavian

Question 14

subclavian artery passes posterior to the anterior scalene muscle, crosses inferior border of first rib and becomes ___

Answer 14

axillary artery

Question 15

which nerve supplies the diaphragm

Answer 15

phrenic nerve - passes through thorax

Question 16

this cranial nerve crosses anterior to the left subclavian artery

Answer 16

vagus nerve

Question 17

the subclavian vein and internal jugular vein join at a junction to form the ___

Answer 17

brachiocephalic vein, which drains into superior vena cava

Question 18

the ____ muscle lies in the superficial fascia covering the anterior and lateral neck, and is innervated by the facial nerve

Answer 18

platysma muscle

Question 19

the ___ muscle lies in the deep fascia under the chin

Answer 19

mylohyoid muscle

Question 20

the ____ nerve is found along the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid, is a branch of the cervical plexus arising from C2, and passes in close relation to the parotid gland (which puts it at risk during parotid surgery). It provides sensation to the region of the ear and posterior face

Answer 20

auricular nerve

Question 21

ligamentum arteriosum connects

Answer 21

arch of aorta and left pulmonary artery

Question 22

esophageal hiatus is at what vertebral level

Answer 22

T10 - where esophagus passes through diaphragm

Question 23

in the upper chest, the lateral branches of the sympathetic chain supply ____ and the medial branches supply ___

Answer 23

lateral branches - body wall and limbs (via spinal nerves)

medial branches - lungs and heart

Question 24

external jugular vein distention leads you to suspect fluid overload and (R/L) heart failure

Answer 24

right heart failure

Question 25

the thyroid gland receives its blood supply from these two arteries:

Answer 25

external carotid and subclavian arteries

Question 26

the recurrent laryngeal nerve lies in the groove between ___ and ____

Answer 26

esophagus and trachea

Question 27

what does ductus arteriosus do in the embryonic heart and what does it become after birth?

Answer 27

shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta

becomes ligamentum arteriosus after birth, which connects arch of aorta and left pulmonary artery

Question 28

what is the function of the azygos vein and where does it drain?

Answer 28

carries blood from upper abdomen and upper lower back to return to the heart
drains into the SVC (superior vena cava)

(the azygos system drains most of the chest wall)

Question 29

mitral valve connects

Answer 29

left atrium and ventricle

Question 30

emergency airway is placed between

Answer 30

thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Question 31

carotid bifurcation is at the level of

Answer 31

thyroid cartilage

Question 32

in the lower neck the common carotid artery lies deep to this muscle

Answer 32

SCM - sternocleidomastoid