Heart Failure Flashcards
syndrome in which heart is unable to meet metabolic needs of tissues despite adequate venous return
heart failure
severe ventricular dysfunction resulting in poor tissue perfusion and arterial hypotension
low output heart failure (“forward” HF, “cold”)
cardiac malfunction resulting in marked increased pulmonary venous and/or systemic venous pressures
congestive heart failure (“backward” HF, “wet”)
CO =
SV x HR
SV =
EDV-ESV
SV is regulated by what three things?
preload, afterload, contractility
Frank-Starling law explains what?
preload increases > SV increases (force of contraction)
afterload is largely determined by what?
degree of arterial and arterial constriction or dilation
when afterload increases, SV does what?
decreases (force of contraction decreases)
when contractility increases, SV does what?
increases
T/F: RAAS activation is a chronic response to decreased CO
TRUE (hrs-days)
what converts ang I to ang II?
ACE (from lungs)
increased vasopressin and endothelin I, free radicals, and increased thirst are all stimulated by what in the RAAS system?
angiotensin II
T/F: angiotensin II increases vasodilation and increases PSNS tone
FALSE, increases vasoCONSTRICTION and increases SNS tone
what is the effect of aldosterone on sodium ?
increased reabsorption > increased water reabsorption > increases blood volume (SV)
T/F: angiotensin II has negative effects chronically
TRUE, vasoconstriction > increased afterload > decreased CO as well as increased free radicals (causing cell death and fibrosis)
pressure overload leads to what type of hypertrophy?
concentric
volume overload leads to what type of hypertrophy?
eccentric
T/F: CHF occurs when the volume of fluid entering the pericardial space overwhelms the lymphatics
FALSE, interstitial space
T/F: CHF usually precedes low output HF
TRUE (body prioritizes maintenance of normal arterial pressure)
what is the primary cause of valvular disease hypertension?
volume overload (increased preload) and pressure overload (increased afterload)
what is the primary cause of myocardial disease?
myocardial systolic and diastolic dysfunction
effusion in body cavities is a result of increased atrial pressure from what side of the heart?
RIGHT
T/F: dogs and cats are susceptible to pleural effusion when they have L-CHF
FALSE, cats only
T/F: L-CHF can result in pulmonary edema and pleural effusion in cats and dogs
FALSE, cats only
what organ is most commonly affected by peritoneal effusion due to R-CHF?
liver!! often see hepatomegaly
