Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy Practice 720 Year 1 Term 1 > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

What is Heart failure?

A

Complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood

-Also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) or chronic heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Etiology of Heart Failure

4

A
  • Overworking of heart
  • Less blood flow to heart
  • genetic problems
  • Blood flow problemss
  • Common final stage for many diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___________ is a common final stage for many diseases of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

A
  • Overgrowth of heart
  • Increased Cardiac Output, from Adrenergic Activation : Contractility, and Heart Rate
  • Abnormal Ca++ cycling
  • Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system
  • Cell Death
  • Genetics
  • Other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Pathophysiology?

A

the disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What pathophysiologys increase with age?

A
  • Increases in epicardial fat
  • Change in Left Ventricular Cavity
  • Calcification and damages to mitrial and aortic valves
  • Atrial Arrhythmias
  • Aortic Stiffening
  • Increases in Collagenized connective tissure
  • Increases in atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of Heart Failure?

A

HFrEF - aka Systolic Heart Failure

HFpEF - aka diastolic Heart Failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is HFrEF

What are the problems with this?

A

Heart Failure Reduced Ejection Fraction
Systolic Heart Failure
Reduced Ejection Fraction (Ejects less than 40% normal volume)
-LV cavity is dilated, wall is lengthened, thin
-Impaired contractility
-Reduced tissue perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is HFpEF

What are the problems with this

A

Heart Failure Preserved Ejection Fraction
Diastolic Heart Failure
Ventricle does not fill with blood well in the relaxation phase.
-LV is abnormally stiff, thick
-Impaired relaxation during diastole
-Unable to increase output in response to demands
-More common in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a heart with HFrEF look like?

A

It has thin walls because it is unable to pump the blood out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does a heart with HFpEF look like?

A

It has thick walls due to build up muscle and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of Left sided heart failure?

A

Systolic HF and Diastolic HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Right Sided Heart Failure?

What happens from this?

A 
Commonly caused by left side
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pressure and congestioon in veins and capillaries
-Vein enlargement
-liver enlargement
-edema in ankles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is HFpEF called backward failure?

A

It causes a back up in the pulmonary and peripheral back up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is HFrEF called forward failure?

A

It cause more heart stress and passes thing onward that causes problems such as hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are symptoms of Heart Failure?

4

A
  • Dyspnea- difficulty breathing
  • Fatigue
  • Decreased Exercise Tolerance
  • Orthopnea-difficulty breathing lying down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are tests that can be done to determine Heart Failure?

6

A
  • Check Vital Signs
  • Check volumes (edema, weight JVP-Jugular Venous Pressure)
  • Blood work, for biomarkers
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Chest X Ray
  • Echocardiogram
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Statistics about Heart Failure

A

About 5.8 million people in the US
Contributes to 1 in 9 deaths
About 50% mortality within 5 years of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which ehtnic group has higher prevalence of HF

A

Blacks, whites

20
Q

Risk factors for Heart Failure?

Name a few

A 
Hypertension
Coronary artery disease 
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)- MI, unstable angina
Arrhythmias 
Impaired renal function
Diabetes 
Viral infections
Age (>65)
Male 
African American
Obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Alcohol use
Some chemo drugs
Tobacco
21
Q

ACCF/AHA Stages/classes of HF

List em 4

A

A- At high risk but without structural heart disease or symptoms of HF
B- Structural heart disease but without signs or symptoms of HF
C-Structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF
D- Refractory HF requiring

22
Q

NYHA Functional Classification

List em 4

A

I – No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause symptoms HF
II – Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in symptoms of HF
III – Marked limitation of physical of physical. Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes symptoms of HF
IV – Unable to carry on any physical activity without symptoms of HF, or symptoms of HF at rest.

23
Q

What should someone do at Stage A

-Which guidelines

A 
ACCF/AHA Treatment Guidelines
-Control HTN and lipid disorders according to guidelines
By controlling 
-obesity
-diabetes
-Tobacco
-Other Cardiotoxins
24
Q

What should someone do at Stage B

-Which guidelines

A 
ACCF/AHA Treatment Guidelines
Take an
-ACEI or ARB (Hx MI, reduced EF)
-Beta blockers (Hx MI, reduced EF)
-Statins (Hx MI)
or even have
-Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) in some patients
25
Q

What should someone do at Stage C

-Which guidelines

A 
Take an 
ACE or ARB
Beta Blocker
Aldosterone Antagonist
Hydralazine and isosorbide Dinitrate
  • Diuretics
  • Digoxin
  • Anticoagulants
  • Omega 3 polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Devices

  • ICD
  • Cardiac Resychronization Therapy
26
Q

What should someone do at Stage D Treatment?

A
  • Fluid Restriction
  • Inotropic Support
  • Mechanical Circulatory Support
  • Cardiac Transplantation
  • End of life goals
27
Q

What are nonpharmacological things that can be done to prevent Heart Failure?

A

Education to facilitate HF self-care
Exercise training, regular physical activity
Sodium restriction if symptomatic
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) if sleep apnea
Cardiac rehabilitation

28
Q

Heart Failure occurs in ____ of the population over 60.

A

HF occurs in about 10% of the population over 60 years old, and has a poor prognosis

29
Q

How is HF described

A

In terms of Ejection fraction and structural changes

30
Q

What are hallmark signs and systems of Heartfailure

A

Dyspnea
Fatigue
Edema

31
Q

What is key to remember medication therapy with Heart Failure?

A

is supportive rather than curative, and with a variety of cardiovascular targets

32
Q

Are non drug therapies valid?

A

Yes they may improve quality of life

33
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of tissue due to increase in cell size

34
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells, or proliferation of cells

35
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of blood volume ejected from the ventricle during systole

36
Q

Congestion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid

37
Q

Edema

A

abnormal large fluid volume in circulatory system or interstitial space

38
Q

Effusion

A

escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a body cavity (pleural- lungs, pericardial –around the heart)

39
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

40
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

heart attack

41
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult (dys) breathing (pnea)

42
Q

Orthopnea

A

dyspnea that is relieved when upright [ortho (straight), + pnea (breathing)]

43
Q

Framingham heart study

A

over 5,000 subjects followed closely for many years to monitor risk factors for CVD

44
Q

Inotropic

A

affects the force of muscle contraction

45
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

a cluster of conditions, including central obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and elevated blood sugars

46
Q

Acute coronary syndrome

A

blockage of oxygen to the heart, often from MI or unstable angina

47
Q

Angina

A

constriction or blockage of coronary vessel causing chest pain from decreased oxygen to the heart muscle

Pharmacy Practice 720 Year 1 Term 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions