Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

heart failure (HF)

A

inability of heart to pump sufficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HF may result from what?

A

loss of ability to contract
impairment to outflow
excess work demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does HF result to?

A

↓output (forward effect)
congestion (backup effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ↑workload of ventricles result to?

A

hypertrophy and eventually failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which ventricles does HF involve?

A

initially involve left or right ventricle

once one ventricle fails, other will eventually fail as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HF can result from two kinds of dysfunction or both

A

systolic & diastolic dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

systolic dysfunction

A

heart fails to generate enough force to adequately pump blood => ↓contractiliy and stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diastolic dysfunction

A

reduced ability of ventricle to fill d/t failure of myocardium to relax or ↑stiffness of ventricle or valvular stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what effect does systolic dysfunction lead to

A

“foward” manifestations of HF - ie. ↓CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what effect does diastolic dysfunction lead to

A

“backup” effects of HF - ie. congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HF etiology, all of which lead to ↓CO

A
  • MI
  • tricuspid, aortic valve incompetence
  • pulmonary, mitral, aortic valve stenosis
  • respiratory disease
  • pericardial disease
  • hypertension
  • hyperthyroidism
  • myocarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

result of respiratory disease in HF

A

↑pulmonary resistance - damage of lung capillaries => ↑workload for right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

result of MI in HF

A

↓muscle/contractile mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

result of tricuspid valve incompetence in HF

A

↓left ventricle preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

result of pulmonary valve stenosis in HF

A

↓left ventricle preload
↑right ventricle afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

result of mitral valve stenosis in HF

A

↓left ventricle preload
↑right ventricle afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

result of aortic valve stenosis in HF

A

↑left ventricle afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

result of aortic valve incompetence in HF

A

volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

result of hypertension in HF

A

↑afterload
↑left ventricle workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

result of hyperthyroidism in HF

A

↑metabolic rate
↑SNS => ↑BP, tachycardia, HF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

result of pericardial disease in HF

A

restricts filling of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

result of myocarditis in HF

A

bacterial or viral infection => loss of contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

HF accompanied by congestion of body tissues w/ blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

impaired heart function symptoms

A

initially asymptomatic - period of compensatory mechanisms (compensated HF)

eventually measures fail and/or aggravate failure => decompensated failure w/ symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CHF compensations
- frank-starling mechanism - ↑SNS - renin-angiotensin mechanism - ↑endothelin - myocardial hypertrophy
26
frank-starling mechanism compensation of CHF
↑preload (ventricular end-diastolic volume) => ↑stretch, contraction force however, over-stretching => ↓contraction force, ischemia - ↑O2 demand => impaired function
27
↑SNS compensation of CHF
baroreceptor reflex => ↑HR, ↑total peripheral resistance, ↑contractility however, ↑HR => ↓ventricular filling, arrhythmias and ↑total peripheral resistance => ↑afterload
28
renin-angiotensin mechanism compensation of CHF
activated by ↓blood flow to kidneys however, ↑total peripheral resistance => ↑afterload and angiotensin contributes to hypertrophy
29
↑endothelin compensation of CHF
released from blood vessel endothelial cells strong vasoconstrictor however, ↑total peripheral resistance => ↑afterload and endothelin contributes to hypertrophy
30
myocardial hypertrophy compensation of CHF
response to ↑workload ↑number of contractile elements however, ↑O2 demand => ischemia, fibrosis, impaired function remodeling of ventricle => ↓chamber size
31
left-sided CHF etiology
- volume overload - pressure overload - loss of muscle mass - loss of contractility - restricted filling
32
volume overload in left-sided CHF occurs
occurs w/ regurgitant mitral or aortic valves and high output states such as anemia or hyperthyroidism
33
pressure overload in left-sided CHF occurs
occurs w/ hypertension and aortic stenosis
34
loss of muscle mass in left-sided CHF examples
examples: left ventricular MI inflammatory disease like lupus
35
loss of contractility in left-sided CHF occurs
can occur as a result of bacterial or viral infection (ie. myocarditis) or from certain poisons and toxins
36
examples of restricted filling in left-sided CHF
example: mitral stenosis pericardial disease
37
left-sided CHF manifestations
- forward effect: ↓CO - backup effect: pulmonary congestion
38
how is forward effect manifested in left-sided CHF
fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, exercise & cold intolerance, cyanosis
39
compensatory manifestations of forward effect in left-sided CHF
tachycardia, pallor, daytime oliguria, nocturia, polycythemia
40
uncompensated manifestations of forward effect in left-sided CHF
cyanosis, anorexia, cachexia
41
what does backup effect lead to in left-sided CHF
↑capillary pressure and edema - fluid forced into alveoli interferes w/ gas exchange => hypoxemia and predisposes to pneumonia
42
how is backup effect manifested in left-sided CHF
orthopnea, cough, dyspnea, hemorrhage in lungs (blood in sputum)
43
right-sided CHF
often follows left-sided CHF as pulmonary congestion impairs flow into lungs from right ventricle
44
right-sided CHF causes
- left ventricular failure - loss of muscle mass - cor pulmonale - tricuspid valve incompetence - pulmonary valve stenosis - congenital defects
45
left ventricular failure in right-sided CHF
pulmonary edema increases afterload on right ventricle ie. hypoxic vasoconstriction
46
loss of muscle mass in right-sided CHF
right ventricular or inferior MI
47
cor pulmonale in right-sided CHF
right ventricle failure occuring secondary to pulmonary disease
48
impaired ventilation in cor pulmonale
=> pulmonary vasoconstriction that increased afterload and often results in failure
49
what can cause cor pulmonale
pulmonary embolism
50
congenital defects in right-sided CHF
pulmonary obtructions or shunts can increased workload on right ventricle causing it eventually fail
51
right-sided CHF manifestations
- forward effect: ↓CO - backup effect: congestion in systemic circulation => peripheral edema
52
forward effect in right-sided CHF
same as left-sided CHF
53
manifestation in backup effect in right-sided CHF
- generalized edema, ascites or dependant edema - hepatomegaly and splenomegaly - ↑jugular venous pressure
54
ascites
collection of fluid in peritoneal space
55
dependent edema
swelling of feet and legs
56
hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in right-sided CHF
fluid accumulation in liver or spleen => distention and upper quadrant pain
57
↑jugular venous pressure in right-sided CHF
congestion into cranium can create CNS symptoms: headache, visual disturbance and flushed face
58
most common cause of CHF in children
congenital heart defects
59
s/s of CHF in children
same as adults: - tachycardia - fatigue - effort intolerance - irritability - cough - anorexia - abdominal pain - oliguria - hepatomegaly
60
differences of CHF in children and adult
- dependent edema and ascites are rare - jugular distention is hard to detect - excessive sweating
61
why is jugular distenstion hard to detect in children w/ CHF
children have short, chubby necks
62
most common difference of CHF in children
interstitial edema in lungs is more common than alveolar pulmonary edema -> impairs ability of lungs to expand (ie. ↓compliance) and ↑work of breathing
63
what does interstitial edema lead to in CHF in children
tachypnea ↑respiratory effort
64
two kinds of drug therapies for HF
drugs that reduce mortality drugs that reduce symptoms
65
how do drugs that reduce mortality work for treating HF?
↓workload of heart
66
drugs that reduce mortality
- ACE inhibitors - beta blockers - aldosterone antagonists - coronary vasodilators
67
ACE inhibitors in HF treatment
ex: Altase, Coversil ↓angiotensin activation blocks systemic vasoconstriction effect
68
beta blockers in HF treatment
block beta adrenergic receptors => ↓epinephrine effect beta-1 blockers can ↓renin release and ↓cardiac muscle contraction
69
aldosterone antagonists in HF treatment
block effects of aldosterone => ↓absoprtion of Na+ and water => ↓BV => ↓BP
70
coronary vasodilators in HF treatment
ex. nitroglycerine cause coronary arteries to dilate and ↑blood flow to myocardium
71
drugs that reduce symptoms
- digitalis - vasodilators - diuretics
72
digitalis in HF treatment
alkaloid derived from foxglove ↑vagal tone => ↑contractility => ↓HR => ↓workload
73
vasodilators in HF treatment
ex. ACE inhibitors, nitrates, CCBs, alpha-1 blockers cause ↓systemic vasodilation => ↓afterload
74
diuretics in HF treatment
ex. lasix ↑urine output => prevent fluid overload BV does not increase => ↓risk of edema, dyspnea

Patho (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions