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Dysrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

dysrhythmias

A

alterations in cardiac rhythm

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2
Q

arrhythmias

A

loss of rhythm

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3
Q

cardiac dysrhythmias appears as what in ECG?

A

appear as variations

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4
Q

when is dysrhythmias harmful

A

when it interfers w/ heart’s pumping ability

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5
Q

what cells possess automaticity

A

cells of SA node, AV node and purkinje fibers

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6
Q

automaticity

A

ability to spontaneously generate action potential

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7
Q

normal dysrhythmias include

A

sinus bradycardia & tachycardia

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8
Q

sinus bradycardia

A

seen in trained athletes or during sleep

may occur in acute MI or respiratory depression

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9
Q

sinus tachycardia

A

seen w/ exercise or fever

may occur w/ CHF, MI, hyperthyroidism, certain drugs, hypovolemia

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10
Q

atrial dysrhythmias result from?

A

abnormal electrical activity in atrium

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11
Q

atrial dysrhythmias causes

A

mitral stenosis
ischemia
cardiac surgery
hyperthyroidism
alcohol or caffeine consumption

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12
Q

atrial dysrhythmias include

A

premature atrial contraction
atrial flutter
atrial fibrillation

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13
Q

premature atrial contraction is
d/t

A

↑automaticity in cells other than SA or AV node (ectopic foci)

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14
Q

atrial flutter

A

rapid, regular atrial ectopic tachycardia

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15
Q

atrial fibrillation is d/t

A

multiple uncontrolled, depolarizations of atrium

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16
Q

heart block occurs when?

A

when there is conduction defect in AV node or bundle branches

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17
Q

kinds of heart block

A

1st degree AV block
2nd degree AV block
3rd degree AV block
Bundle Branch block

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18
Q

1st degree AV block

A

delayed conduction through AV node
but
impulses are conducted through ventricles

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19
Q

2nd degree AV block

A

when some impulses from atria are NOT conducted to ventricles

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20
Q

localized MI in 2nd degree block

A

infarction in His bundle that has a poor prognosis d/t fewer ventricular contractions => ↓CO

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21
Q

3rd degree AV block

A

complete AV block

NO atrial impulses are conducted to ventricle

requires pacemaker

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22
Q

stroke-adams attack

A

sudden brief loss of consciousness from a large drop in cardiac output

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23
Q

bundle branch block

A

interruption of conduction through bundle branches
- carries impulses to myocardium of ventricles

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24
Q

how does bundle branch block appear in ECG?

A

wider QRS complex since it DOES NOT affect rhythm, and cells DO NOT contract together

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25
kinds of ventricular dysrhythmias
premature ventricular contraction (PVC) ventricular tachycardia ventricular fibrillation pulseless electrical activity asystole
26
PVC cause
ventricular ectopic pacemakers
27
PVC often occurs when?
secondary to ischemia, infarction or electrolyte imbalances
28
PVC characterization
broad, distorted QRS complexes and large T waves followed by a compensatory pause where ventricles are unable to respond to incoming SA node impulses ie. are refractionary
29
ventricular tachycardia & ventricular fibrillation are considered what?
considered cardiac arrest rhythm since they often DO NOT generate a cardiac output or palpable pulse
30
ventricular tachycardia treatment
treated immediately w/ defibrillation and CPR
31
ventricular tachycardia cause
caused by re-entry secondary to ischemia, infarction, fibrosis, dilated myopathy, electrolyte imbalance
32
ventricular tachycardia characterization
broad, tall QRS complexes, inverted T-waves rate of 70-250beats/min
33
ventricular tachycardia can progress to what?
progress to ventricular fibrillation especially if following an MI
34
when does ventricular fibrillation occur
occurs w/ firing of multiple ectopic foci in ventricles
35
ventricles in ventricular fibrillation
ventricles quiver but DO NOT contract => no CO
36
ventricular fibrillation results to what?
=> unconsciousness, absence of pulse, apnea, death
37
ventricular fibrillation characterization
grossly distorted w/ shallow, unidentifiable waves
38
pulseless electrical activity
shows electrical activity, but there is no mechanical ventricular fixation or pulse have corrective and uncorrectable causes poor prognosis unless corrected
39
pulseless electrical activity corrective causes
hypovolemia hypoxemia hypothermia acidosis
40
pulseless electrical activity uncorrectable causes
massive infarction ischemia during resuscitation pulmonary embolism
41
asystole
total absence of ventricular electrical activity and contraction (flat line) no ventricular depolarization poor prognosis
42
ST segment of ECG represents what?
represents repolarization phase of ventricular myocytes
43
current that creates ST segment is sensitive to what?
sensitive to changes in coronary blood flow and is therefore used to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction
44
two kinds of ST segment
ST segment depression & elevation
45
ST segment depression occurs as a result of what?
result of myocardial ischemia
46
ST segment depression occurs d/t what?
occur d/t slowed repolarization rate secondary to ↓cellular ATP or potassium efflux
47
mechanism of ST depression
exact mechanism for ST segment depression is not known
48
cardiac dysrhythmias indicate what?
may indicate alterations in automaticity, excitability, conductivity or refraction d/t ischemia and infarction, electrolyte imbalances, drug effects or defects in conduction
49
what is common in atrial dysrhythmias
palpitations and tachycardia
50
premature atrial contraction in ECG
appears as an abnormal P wave - abnormal conduction pathway and irregular heart beat
51
atrial flutter cause
caused by large circular re-entrant current in atrium at a rate of 300beats/min - current creates a "sawtooth" pattern
52
what happens to atrial contribution in arrhythmias?
atrial contribution to ventricular filling is lost and quite often ↓CO
53
how does ventricle contract in atrial flutter?
ventricle contract regularly but ↑rate (150beats/min) => ↓CO and possibly myocardial ischemia, HF
54
how does atria contract in atrial fibrillation?
atria contract in a continuous, uncoordinated fashion at 350-600beats/min
55
ventricle in atrial fibrillation
ventricle do not fill or contract properly => ↓CO, may cause syncope or cardiac arrest
56
how is blood flow in atrial fibrillation
stasis of blood in atrium => ↑risk of cerebral embolism
57
heart blocks may be what?
may be: normal - vagal tone pathological - ischemia, infarction, fibrosis, inflammation, surgery, potassium imbalance
58
rhythm in 1st degree AV block
regular
59
cause of 1st degree AV block
caused by ischemia or MI of AV node, rheumatic fever, myocarditis
60
how is each region in 3rd degree AV block?
each region controlled by independent pacemakers => regular but dissociated rates
61
ventricular rhythm in 3rd degree AV block
ventricular rhythm is slow (30-40beats/min)
62
3rd degree AV block can arise from?
impaired conduction at AV node, His bundle or purkinje fibers
63
3rd degree AV block results in?
results in ↓CO w/ syncope (stroke-adams attack), dizziness, episodes of acute HF
64
how does 1st degree AV block appear in ECG?
prolonged PR interval
65
how does 2nd degree block appear in ECG?
some P waves w/ no corresponding QRS complexes
66
ST segment elevation occurs during?
occurs during myocardial infarction
67
ST segment elevation results from what?
loss of potassium from cells - ie. hyperrepolarization and ↓resting membrane potential accumulation of intracellular sodium - ie. delayed depolarization

Patho (11 decks)

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