heart - essential stuff

Question 1

Capillaries

Answer 1

Capillaries are tubes which connect veins and arteries together - they are the smallest blood vessel.
Oxygen and glucose diffuse out of the capillaries into the surrounding cells. carbon dioxide, water and lactic acid from muscle cells enter the capillaries via diffusion.

Question 2

thrombosis

Answer 2

blood blockage in coronary arteries

Question 3

Capillaries adaptations

Answer 3

thin walls (one cell thick) so substances can diffuse easily.
high surface area due to lots of capillaries

Question 4

red blood cell adaptations

Answer 4

contains haemoglobin - bound tightly to oxygen carrying oxygen around the body.
bio concave disc shape
large surface area to volume ratio
no nucleus to carry more haemoglobin.

Question 5

Haemoglobin

Answer 5

red pigment carried by red blood cells

Question 6

oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 6

Haemoglobin with oxygen binded to it

Question 7

haemoglobin cycle

Answer 7

In lungs haemoglobin binds with oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin is formed.
blood is bright Red.
blood carries oxygen to all tissues
In capillaries haemoglobin releases oxygen into tissues
blood is now dark red.
haemoglobin is reformed.
blood returns to lungs

Question 8

heart transplant pros

Answer 8

enjoy better quality of life
last decades
more normal life

Question 9

heart transplant cons

Answer 9

risk of death in few months after
immunosuppresant drugs needed
needs to wait for donors
surgery can be immediate

Question 10

artificial heart pros

Answer 10

no immunosuppressant drugs needed.
don’t need to wait for donor - surgery can be planned.
less likely to be rejected by immune system.

Question 11

artificial hearts cons

Answer 11

may be uncomfortable for patients.
need to recharge.
only keeps you alive for roughly five years.

Question 12

Biological heart valves

Answer 12

for elderly
For women of reproducing age
no blood clots.
may need immunosuppressive drugs.
lasts 5 to 10 years.

Question 13

Mechanical valves

Answer 13

for younger people
causes blood clots.
needs anti-clotting drugs
last longer

Question 14

Stenosis

Answer 14

heart valves tissue might stiffen preventing the valve from opening fully

Question 15

regurgitation

Answer 15

the heart valves might develop a leak - faulty heart valves can be replaced using biological valves (Valves from humans or other mammals) or mechanical valves

Question 16

Blood clotting

Answer 16

Platelets are small fragments of cells involved in blood clotting.
Blood clotting is a series of chemical reactions resulting in the change of fibrinogen (a soluble blood protein) to fibrin (an insoluble blood protein) which forms a network of fibros trapping blood cells forming a clot. This clot hardens to form a scab