HEART AND VASCULAR Flashcards
HEART SIZE IN WOMEN AND MEN
9OZ AND 10.9 OZ
The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from
the heart are referred to as the
great vessels.
Collagen
—— anchor the AV valve flaps to
papillary muscles within the ventricles.
Collagen
fibers,chordae tendineae,
tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibroserous
sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart.
pericardium
thickest layer of the heart, made up of
contractile cardiac muscle cells.
myocardium
thin layer of
endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart
endocardium
in the
myocardium of both ventricles, causing them to contract almost
simultaneously.
Purkinje fibers
filling and emptying of the heart’s
chambers.
cardiac cycle
endures for approximately
two thirds of the cardiac cycle and systole is the remaining one
third
Diastole
the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each
contraction (SV from the left ventricle is usually 70 mL).
Stroke Volume
veins lie deep and medial to the
sternocleidomastoid muscle.
internal jugular veins
lie lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and
above the clavicle
external jugular veins
determining the hemodynamics of the right side of the heart.
jugular venous pulse
reflects rise in atrial pressure that occurs with atrial
contraction
a wave
reflects right atrial relaxation and descent of the
atrial floor during ventricular systole
x descent
reflects right atrial filling, increased volume, and
increased atrial pressure
v wave
reflects right atrial emptying into the right ventricle
and decreased atrial pressure
y descent
May be seen with
weak heart muscles, an attempt
by the heart to increase CO.
Tachycardia
may occur with an
abnormality of the heart’s
conduction system
(arrhythmias) or during the
heart’s attempt to increase CO
by increasing the HR.
Palpitations
may result from
compromised CO.
Fatigue
is usually
described as a sensation of
squeezing around the heart; a
steady, severe pain; and a
sense of pressure.
Angina
may result from
congestive heart failure,
pulmonary disorders, coronary
artery disease, myocardial
ischemia, and myocardial
infarction (MI).
Dyspnea
is the need
to sit more upright to breathe
easily due to fluid accumulation
in the lungs
Orthopnea
A sudden onset of
edema in one leg with pain may
be due to a blood clot in that leg
deep vein thrombosis
the most
common cause of peripheral
edema.
Venous insufficiency
affect the heart’s ability to pump, decreasing the oxygen
supply to the tissues.
Congenital or acquired defects
develops after exposure
to group A beta hemolytic
streptococci and results in
inflammation of all layers of the
heart, impairing contraction and
valvular function.
Rheumatic
carditis
inflammation of
the parietal pleura
next to the
pericardium)
Pericarditis
tear in
the wall lining the
aorta)
Aortic dissecting
aneurysm
irreversible heart
damage due to
myocardial
ischemia)
Myocardial infarction
(irreversible heart
Distention of jugular
vein on one side
may be caused by a
kink or aneurysm.
may
occur in clients with
severe constrictive
pericarditis.
Kussmaul sign
a blowing or
swishing sound
caused by turbulent
blood flow through
a narrowed vessel,
is indicative of
occlusive arterial
disease. However, if
the artery is more
than two-thirds
occluded, a bruit
may not be heard.
bruit
Always
auscultate the
carotid arteries
before palpating
because
palpation
may increase or
slow the HR
Loss of elasticity
may indicate—–
arteriosclerosis
Loss of elasticity
may indicate
Fully distended
jugular veins
delayed upstroke
aortic
stenosis.
Pulsations, which
may also be called
heaves or lifts
The apical impulse
may be impossible
to palpate in clients
with
pulmonary
emphysema
If you detect an
irregular rhythm,
auscultate for a
pulse rate deficit.
The radial and apical
pulse rates should
be
Identical
A thrill is palpated over the second and third ICS; a thrill may indicate
aortic stenosis and systemic hypertension.
A thrill palpated over
the second and third left ICSs may indicate
pulmonic stenosis and
pulmonic hypertension.
A sign of pressure overload
accentuated apical impulse
A sign of volume overload
apical impulse displaced
These beats occur earlier than the next expected beat and are followed
by a pause. The rhythm resumes with the next beat.
PREMATURE ATRIAL OR JUNCTIONAL CONTRACTIONS
These beats occur earlier than the next expected beat and are followed
by a pulse. The rhythm resumes with the next beat.
PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS
faster with inhalation and slower with expiration
SINUS ARRHYTHMIA
