ANTERIOR LUNGS Flashcards
Both bronchi are at an oblique position in the mediastinum and enter the lungs at
Hilum
The r bronchus is —– and —– than left bronchus
Shorter more vertical easy to aspirate
“dead space”
Bronchi and trachea
Dead space meaning
Air is transported but no gas exchange
the bronchioles terminate at the —- and air is channeled into the ——-
Alveolar ducts , sacs
contain a number of
alveoli in a cluster formation (resembling grapes), creating millions of interalveolar walls
that increase the surface area available for gas exchange.
Alveolarsacs
two cone-shaped, elastic structures suspended within the thoracic cavity.
Lungs
The — of each lungs extends slightly above —
apex- clavicle
anterior surface of the thorax, the
lung extends —–
Laterally, lung tissue reaches the level of the
—–
posteriorly, the lung base lies at about the —–
6, 8, 10
Lungs are divided by
Fissure
The thoracic cavity is lined by a thin, double-layered serous membrane referred to as
pleura
lies between the two pleural layers. In
the healthy adult, the lubricating serous fluid between the layers allows movement of the
visceral layer over the parietal layer during ventilation without friction.
Pleural space
Severe dehydration is pleural space = 3
Friction rub, increased lung sound, reduce volume of pleural fluid
respiration assists in the
rapid compensation for
Metabolic acid base defects
mechanical act of breathing and is
accomplished by expansion of the chest, both vertically and horizontally.
External respiration, or ventilation
ELEVATION OF RIBS
HORIZONTAL EXPANSION
CONTRACTION OF DIAPHRAGM
VERTICAL EXPANSION
Such involuntary control of respiration is the work of the
MEDULLA AND PONS
also play a role in involuntary control of respiration in response to emotional changes, such
as fear or excitement.
hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous
changes in oxygen or carbon dioxide levels in the blood, or
changes in the hydrogen ion (pH) level cause changes in breathing patterns.
Hormonal regulation
the strongest stimulus to breathe is an increase in carbon dioxide level in the
blood
Hypercapnia
A decrease in oxygen
Hypoxemia
5As
(Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist,
Arrange)
COLDSPA IN LUNGS REVIEW IN BOOK PLEASE
sharp,
stabbing pain that
increases with deep
breathing.
PLEURISY Inflammation of pleural
burning sensation
with a cough may
be seen in
tracheobronchitis
squeezing or
burning, a sharp or
tight feeling in the
chest as if
something is stuck
in the throat.
Esophageal pain
Pain in lungs due to acid reflux
Esophagitis
Chest pain
associated with
pleuritis may be
absent in
Older patient
Coughs
late in the evening
may be the result of ——.
Coughs occurring at
night are often
related to —-
Irritas , postnasal drip/ sinusitis
Brown or
black sputum
indicates blood in
the sputum
(hemoptysis)
Pink,
frothy sputum may
be indicative of
Pulmonary edema
causes
the airways to constrict after the air is in the lungs, making exhaling the air from the lung
COPD INFLAMMATION
PLEASE READ TABLES IN LUNG ESPECIALLY THE EXAMPLE
Complete examination of the thorax and lungs 4
INSPECTION, PALPATION, PERCUSSION ASCULTATION
seen with
labored respirations
(especially in small children)
and is indicative of hypoxia.
Nasal flaring
Nasal flaring whT Preventive measure?
Pursed lip breathing
Ruddy to purple complexion
may be seen in clients with
COPD or CHF as a result of 2
polycythemia. Cyanosis
Spinous processes appear
straight, and thorax appears
symmetric, with ribs sloping
downward at —- degree
-45 d
Tender or painful areas may
indicate
inflamed fibrous
connective tissue.
Pain over
the intercostal spaces may
be from
Pleura
can be palpated if
air escapes from the lung or
other airways into the
subcutaneous tissue, as
occurs after an open
thoracic injury, around a
chest tube, or tracheostomy
Crepitus
is elicited
in cases of trapped air, such
as in emphysema or
pneumothorax.
Hyperresonance
Unequal chest expansion
can occur with severe
atelectasis
Excursion should be equal
bilaterally and measure
3-5cm
present when
fluid or solid tissue replaces
air in the lung or occupies
the pleural space, such as in
lobar pneumonia, pleural
effusion, or tumor.
dullness
In well-conditioned clients,
excursion can measure up to
7-8cm
trachea in center, dull sound in affected lobe.
Consolidation
an increased
curve of the thoracic spine)
is common in older clients
Kyphosis
—–is the percussion
tone elicited over normal lung
tissue. Percussion elicits—–over the scapula
Resonance, flat tones
is a
markedly sunken sternum
and adjacent cartilages
(often referred to as funnel
chest).
Pectus excavatum
Ribs slope downward with
symmetric intercostal spaces.
Costal angle is within —d
90d
trachea shifts to other (contralateral) side; breath sounds absent
on affected side.
Pneumothorax
trachea shifts to affected (ipsilateral) side; decreased lung size, decreased breath sounds
Obstructive atelectasis
PLEASE MEMORIZE LUNG SOUND TABLE
CRACKLES MURMUR
Thorax has depression in lower
sternum and is seen with
congenital conditions that can
cause murmurs or compress the
heart and vessels.
PECTUS EXCAVATUM
(FUNNEL CHEST)
Sternum protrudes forward.
Congenital.
Increased
AP
diameter.
PECTUS CARINATUM
(PIGEON CHEST)
enlarged (barrel) chest, prolonged breath sounds, hyperresonance (echo),
trachea in center
Emphysema
Lateral S-shaped curve of the
spine
SCOLIOSIS
Exaggerated increased rounding
of the thoracic spine, often seen
with osteoporosis in older
women.
KYPHOSIS
Thorax is round shaped. The AP
diameter to lateral diameter
ratio is 1:1. This is seen in aging
adults, COPD, and chronic
asthma.
BARREL CHEST
Such
athletes
(including
swimmers)
often
have
a
forward-translated
head,
pronounced thoracic kyphosis,
lumbar lordosis, and internally
rotated shoulders
OVERHEAD POSITION
