heart and neck vessels Flashcards by Chelle Ace

Second ICS at the right sternal border—the base of the heart

Aortic area

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Second or third ICS at the left sternal border—the base of the heart

Pulmonic area

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Third ICS at the left sternal border

Erb point

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Fifth ICS near the left MCL—the apex of the heart

Mitral (apical)

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Fourth or fifth ICS at the left lower sternal border

Tricuspid area

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are referred to as diastolic filling sounds, or extra heart sounds, which result from ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling

S3 and S4

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results from ventricular vibration, but, contrary to S3, the vibration is secondary to ventricular resistance (noncompliance) during atrial contraction.

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can be heard late in diastole, just before S1

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often termed ventricular gallop

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atrial gallop

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the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles during a given period of time (usually 1 minute) and is determined by the stroke volume (SV)

Cardiac output (CO)

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the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

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centrally located arterial pulse.

carotid artery pulse

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good for assessing amplitude and contour of the pulse wave.

carotid arterial pulse

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reflects rise in atrial pressure that occurs with atrial contraction

a wave

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reflects right atrial relaxation and descent of the atrial floor during ventricular systole

x descent

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reflects right atrial filling, increased volume, and increased atrial pressure

v wave

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reflects right atrial emptying into the right ventricle and decreased atrial pressure

y descent

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the right side that works as PULMONARY circuit

Right atria and ventricles

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returns blood from upper and lower extremities

superior atria/vena cava

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primary receiving chambers that assist in filling the ventricles

superior atria/vena cava

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exits right ventricle, carry blood to lungs

pulmonary artery

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returns oxygenated blood to left atrium

pulmonary veins

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transports oxygenated blood to the body

aorta

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valves as the entrance of ventricles

atrioventricular valves

what are the 4 great vessels

aorta pulmonary artery and veins vena cava

3 cusps bet right atrium and ventricle

tricuspid

valves at the EXIT of each ventricle beginning at the great vessel (aorta)

semilunar valveS

2 cusps bet left atrium and ventricle

bicuspid

entrance of pulmonary artery as it exits the ventricle

pulmonic valve

beginning of ascending aorta as it exits left ventricle

aortic valve

weight of the heart of a women and men

255 g (f), 310 (m)

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange by removing CO2 from blood and replenishing oxygen supply

pulmonic circulation

It occurs between alveoli and the blood of lungs; the left side of the heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body

systematic circulation

occurs when blood flows to tissues and organs promoting the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

perfusion

The right and left sides of the heart are separated by a partition

septum

Collagen fibers, called "___", anchor the AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles.

chordae tendineae

tough, fibroserous sac that attaches to the great vessels and surrounds the heart

pericardium

A serous membrane lining secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.

parietal pericardium

type of serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart

epicardium

the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells

myocardium

thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

endocardium

generate an electrical impulse and conduct it through the heart.

cardiac cell muscles

regulated the events associated w filling and emtying of the cardiac chambers

cardiac cycle

relaxed ventricle=filling

diastole

contraction of ventricle=emtying

systole

located at the right atrium which generate impulse causing atria to contract and send blood to ventricles

Sino atrial (SA) node "pace maker"

@ lower interatrial septum that slightly DELAYS incoming impulses from ATRIA

AV NODE

impulse travels right and left bundle branches (another area of conduction system)

AV bundle (His)

in myocardium in BOTH VENTRICLES that cause SIMULTANEOUS CONtRACTION

Purkinje fibers

generated by SA node travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit

electrical impulse

rate of SA node

60-100/min

Bundle of HIs

40-60/min

blood rushes through the atria into the ventricles.

protodiastolic filling

This final active filling phase. This action raises left ventricular pressure.

presystole/ atrial kick

what causes the first heart sound?

closure of 2valves in the atrioventricular valve

all four valves are closed and the ventricles CONTRACT

isometric contraction

what valve represent the first heart sound?

M1- mitral valve or bicuspid left v/a

what valve represent the second heart sound?

T1- tricuspid - right v/a

s1 sound is louder than s1. mitral valves open and closes QUICKLY

accentuated s1

s1 sound is softer than s2. mitral valve not fully open at ventricular contraction

diminished s1

s1 occurs as a split sound. left and right ventricles contract at different times

split s1

mitral valves is in different positions when contraction occurs

varying s1

results from closure of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) and correlates with the beginning of diastole.

first component to close in s2

aortic valve a2

second component to close in s2

pulmonic valve p2

the amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction

stroke volume

the 2 vessels of the neck:

carotid artery and the jugular veins

centrally located arterial pulse. Because it is close to the heart, the pressure wave pulsation coincides closely with ventricular systole.

carotid artery

2 sets of jugular veins:

internal and external

good for assessing amplitude and contour of the pulse wave.

carotid arterial pulse

return blood to the heart from the head and neck by way of the superior vena cava.

jugular veins

important for determining the hemodynamics of the right side of the heart.

jugular venous pulse

reflects right atrial (central venous) pressure and, usually, right ventricular diastolic filling pressure.

jugular venous pressure

raises pressure and volume, thus raising jugular venous pressure.

Right-sided heart failure

occurs with reduced left ventricular output or reduced blood volume.

Decreased jugular venous pressure

what is the central venous

right atrial and ventricular diastolic filling pressure

Carotid artery stiffness and diameter

atherosclerosis,