heart and neck Flashcards
Route of unoxygenated blood
liver-> inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonic valve -> pulmonary artery-> lungs
route of oxygenated blood
Lungs -> lift atrium -> mitral valve -> left ventricle-> aorta -> body
delivers oxygenated blood
arteries
delivers deoxygenated blood
veins
ventricles relax and fill with blood
diastole
2/3 of cardiac cycle
diastole
early passive phase of diastole
protodiastolic filling
atrial kick that occurs during ventricular diastole
presystole; atrial systole
heart’s contraction, blood pumped from ventricles fills pulmonary and systemic arteries
systole
1/3 of cardiac cycle
systole
contraction against closed system works to build high level pressure in ventricles
isometric contraction
all four valves closed and ventricles relax
isometric relaxation
______ side requires lower pressure and sequence occurs slightly later
right
first heart sound
S1
Second heart sound
S2
occurs with closure of AV values
S1
what signals beginning of systole
closure of AV valves; s1 sound
first sound also has a ____ and _____ component
mitral (M1) and tricuspid (T!)
occurs with closure of semilunar valves
S2
what signals end of systole
closure of semilunar valves; S2 sound
second sound also has a _____ and ______ component
aortic (A2) and pulmonary (P2)
___1____ component of first sound slightly precedes __2____ component
- mitral
2. tricuspid
___1_____ component of second sound slightly precedes ____2____ component
- aortic
2. pulmonic
S2 is loudest where?
at the base
occurs when ventricles resistant to filling during early rapid filling phase
third heart sound S3
S3 occurs
immediately after S2
occurs at end of diastole, at presystole, when ventricles resistant to filling
fourth heart sound S4
S4 occurs:
just before S1
gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on chest wall
murmurs
conditions that can result in murmurs (3)
- velocity of blood increases
- velocity of blood decreases
- structural defects in valves
All heart sounds are described by:
frequency/pitch
intensity/loudness
duration
timing
heart contracts in response to:
electrical current conveyed by a conduction system
electric impulse that conducts heart comes from
SA node near superior vena cava
wave that represents depolarization of the atria
P wave
complex that represents depolarization of ventricles
QRS complex
represents depolarization of ventricles
T wave
heart normally pumps between _________ blood per minute throughout body
4-6 L
venous return that builds during diastole
preload
Frank-Starling law
greater the stretch, the stronger the hearts contraction
opposing pressure ventricle must generate to open aortic valve against higher aortic pressure
afterload
2 main neck vessels
- carotid artery
- jugular venous
presence of _____ and ______ dysrhythmias increase with age
supra ventricular and ventricular
accounts for about half of deaths of older people
coronary artery disease
equipment for exam
stethoscope
location of aortic area
right side, sternal edge, 2nd intercostal space
location of pulmonic area
left side, sternal edge, 2nd intercostal space
location of herbs point
left side, sternal edge, 3rd intercostal space
location of tricuspid area
left side, sternal edge, 5th intercostal space
location of mitral area
left side, midclavicular line, 5th intercostal space
aging adults (4)
- rise in systolic blood pressure
- left ventricular wall thickness increases
- presence of supra ventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias
- age related ECG changes
pulmonary causes of chest pain (3)
- pulmonary embolism
- pneumonia
- pneumothorax
gastrointestinal causes of chest pain (4)
- gastroesophageal reflux
- esophageal spasm
- cholecystis
- pancreatitis
dermatologic causes of chest pain
herpes zoster
musculoskeletal/neurologic causes of chest pain
- costochondritis
- chest wall muscle strain
psychogenic causes of chest pain
depression and anxiety