Breasts

Question 1

4 groups of axillary nodes present in breasts

Answer 1

• central axillary node
• pectoral (anterior)
• subscapular (posterior)
• lateral

Question 2

From the central axillary nodes, drainage flows up into _____ and _____ nodes

Answer 2

infraclavicular and supraclavicualr

Question 3

location of central axillary node

Answer 3

armpit

Question 4

location of pectoral node

Answer 4

lateral side of breast

Question 5

location of sub scapular node

Answer 5

lateral side of chest, bellow central axillary

Question 6

location of lateral node

Answer 6

on under arm, across from central axillary

Question 7

after menopause, ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone decrease, causing breast glandular tissue to ___

Answer 7

atrophy

Question 8

parts of breast granular tissue atrophy (2)

Answer 8

• decreased breast size makes inner structures more prominent
• breast lump may have been present for years but is suddenly palpable

Question 9

after menopause, area around nipple, lactiferous ducts are more palpable and feel firm and stringy because of

Answer 9

fibrosis and calcification

Question 10

after menopause, axillary hair

Answer 10

decreases

Question 11

subjective data for breasts

Answer 11

pain, lumps, discharge
rash, swelling, trauma
history of breast disease
surgery or radiation
medications
patient centered care
breast self-exam
last mammogram

Question 12

subjective data for axilla

Answer 12

tenderness, lumps, swelling

rash

Question 13

American cancer society recommendations for screening

Answer 13

begin mammogram screening at age 40-44
annual mammography from ages 45-53
biannual mammography over age 55

Question 14

breast cancer is _____ major cause of death for cancer in women

Answer 14

2nd

Question 15

characteristics of lumps of mass

Answer 15

location
size
shape
consistency
movable
distinctness
nipple
skin over lump
tenderness
lymphadenopathy

Question 16

steps for self-exam

Answer 16

• lie down, press 3 middle fingers in a circular motion and use 3 levels of pressure; follow an up and down pattern
• sit up, examine underarm with arm slightly raised
• note surface changes with hands pushed on hips, shoulders hunched

Question 17

benign growth of male breast tissue

Answer 17

gynecomastia

Question 18

what does a gynecomastic lump feel like

Answer 18

smooth, firm, moveable disk

Question 19

normal occurrence of gynecomastia

Answer 19

during puberty, is temporary

Question 20

general risk of getting breast cancer

Answer 20

10%

Question 21

mutations in these genes lead to increased risk of breast cancer

Answer 21

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Question 22

risk of cancer with BRCA 1 mutation

Answer 22

72%

Question 23

risk of cancer with BRCA 2 mutation

Answer 23

69%

Question 24

population with the lowest survival rate

Answer 24

non-hispanic black women

Question 25

Highest risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 25

• age (over 65)
• biopsy-confirmed atypical hyperplasia
• BRCA mutation
• mammographically dense breasts
• two or more first-degree elatives with breast cancer diagnosed at an early age

Question 26

medium risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 26

• personal history of breast cancer
• high endogenous estrogen or testosterone levels
• high-dose radiation to chest
• one first-degree relative with breast cancer

Question 27

low increased risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 27

• alcohol consumption
• ashkenazi jewish heritage
• early menarche (start of period)
• height (tall)
• never breast fed a child
• obesity