Heart And Lungs

Question 1

Structure of the heart

Answer 1

Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins … Repeat

Question 2

Blood pressure types

Answer 2

Systole: pressure in the ventricles when they contract and push blood into the body (120 mm Hg)

Diastole: pressure in the heart when it is in relaxation phase of cardiac cycle (70-80 mm Hg) pressure of peripheral BP outside of heart

Question 3

Cardiac output

Answer 3

The amount of blood that is pumped into the aorta each minute. Measured in litres per minutes.

Q=stroke volume x heart rate
Quantity of blood that flows to the peripheral circulation

Question 4

Stroke volume

Answer 4

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat. Measured in mm (70 ml of blood)

Question 5

Heart rate

Answer 5

The number of times the heart beats per minute. Measured in beats per minute (40bpm for trained athlete, 70bpm for normal person)

Question 6

Maximum heart rate

Answer 6

220 - age

Question 7

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Answer 7

Carry blood away from heart, branch into smaller vessels, width of 1 red blood cell. Capillaries are composed of endothelial cells that allow exchange of oxygen and nurturers from blood, to muscles and organs, and also allow blood to pick up waste products and carbon dioxide from metabolism.

Question 8

Veins, venules, valves

Answer 8

Capillaries connect to form larger and larger vessels (venules). They merge to veins, which returns the blood to the heart. Valves open with flow of blood in direction to heart.

Question 9

Red blood cells

Answer 9

Also called erythrocytes. Primary role is to transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from body back to lungs.

Question 10

Hematocrit

Answer 10

The percentage of red blood cells that makes up the blood, about 45%.

Question 11

Hemoglobin

Answer 11

Oxygen binding substance that allows red blood cells to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from body back to lungs.
Can transport 4 oxygen molecules.

Question 12

Partial pressure of oxygen

PO2

Answer 12

The amount of oxygen that is carried by the blood. High=hemoglobin binds easily to oxygen. Low=oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin and is diffused to tissues to be used to produce energy.

Question 13

Arterial-venous oxygen difference

a-vO2 difference

Answer 13

Difference in amount of oxygen present in blood when leaving lungs and amount of oxygen present in blood when returning to lungs. Measured in mm of O2 per decilitre of blood (ml O2/100ml of blood)

Question 14

Action potential

Answer 14

An electrical charge that causes the the muscle walls of the heart to contract.

Question 15

Reticulocytes

Answer 15

New red blood cells that are made in the bone marrow

Question 16

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 16

The principal factor that simulates red blood cell formation in this hormone. EPO increases from exercise.

Question 17

Oxygen uptake

Answer 17

Amount of oxygen that’s consumed by the body due to aerobic metabolism. Increases in relation to amount of energy needed to perform an activity.

Question 18

VO2

Answer 18

Volume of oxygen (in litres) that is consumed in a given amount of time, usually 1 minute.

Question 19

Maximal aerobic power

VO2 max

Answer 19

The body has a limit on the amount of oxygen it can consume. This is the way to evaluate the maximum volume of oxygen that can be supplied to and consumed by the body.

Question 20

Conduction zone

Answer 20

Passage way of respiratory system. Anatomical structures which the air passes before reaching respiratory zone (nose/mouth, trachea, right and left bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles) known as “respiration tree”

Question 21

Respiration zone

Answer 21

Bronchioles branch into this zone; the region where gas exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs in the lungs, alveoli, are responsible for gas exchange.

Question 22

Human respiration

Answer 22

1. Ventilation or breathing (inspiration and expiration)
2. Gas exchange
3. Oxygen utilization by the tissues for cellular respiration.

Question 23

Gas diffusion

Answer 23

Diffusion in the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration (oxygen in air diffuses through alveolar membrane into deoxygenated pulmonary capillaries).

Question 24

Blood volume

Answer 24

Shown to increase with training as the number of red blood cells increases through simulation of erythropoiesis.

Question 25

Bohr effect (an exercise training effect)

Answer 25

During exercise, body temperature increases, which in turn promotes oxygen extraction. This describes the reduced effectiveness of hemoglobin to hold oxygen.

Question 26

Altitude

Answer 26

Density of molecules in air changes at altitude (“thin air”). Person must breathe more and deeper (hyperventilation) to get the amount or volume of oxygen required.

Question 27

Acute mountain sickness (AMS)

Answer 27

With changes in altitude, body cannot always adequately adapt, so AMS occurs. Symptoms=headache, vomiting, breathlessness, exhaustion, even death

Question 28

Right and left ventricles

Answer 28

Right ventricle: receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs
Left ventricle: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body (bigger)

Question 29

Right and left atrium

Answer 29

Right atrium: receives blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
Left atrium: receives blood from lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle

Question 30

Sinus node

Answer 30

Small bundles of nerve fibres found in wall of right atrium that generate an electrical impulse (heart beat). Determines how much the heart needs to pump.

Question 31

Peripheral circulatory system

Answer 31

Carries blood away from the heart to the muscles and organs, then returns the blood back to the heart

Question 32

Transport if CO2

3 ways

Answer 32

1. Small amount is dissolved in blood plasma
2. CO2 bonds to the hemoglobin molecule
3. CO2 combines with water to firm biocarbonate molecules to be transported through the body

Question 33

How does the body accumulate to to altitude?

Answer 33

As body gets use to altitude & low pressure, the HR, breathing rate and production of RBC increases. Allows more oxygen to be “grabbed”. Breaks should be taken every 2000-4000 ft.

Question 34

High altitude cerebral edema
(HACE)
High altitude pulmonary edema
(HAPE)

Answer 34

HACE= Affects the brain, and causes sever swelling

HAPE= affects blood flow through lungs, fluid build up in lungs