Chapter 11 (nutrition)

Question 1

Basic process of digestive system

Answer 1

1. Digestion
2. Secretion
3. Absorption
4. Motility

Question 2

Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 2

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, anus

Glandular organs: salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Question 3

Digestion

Answer 3

Process that dissolves and breaks down foods into molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Question 4

Secretion

Answer 4

• release of substances from exocrine glands
• works closely with the digestive process
• includes many secretions (saliva by salivary glands, blue by liver)

Question 5

Absorption

Done in intestines

Answer 5

• uptake of digested molecules across a layer of epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal wall
• molecules enter the blood or lymph to be distributed to body cells

Question 6

Motility

Answer 6

• muscular contractions that mix and move the contents of the digestive tract forward
• propels the contents of the digestive tract forward
• mixes food with digestive juices that promote digestion

Question 7

6 essential nutrients

Answer 7

1. Proteins 12-15%
2. Fats 30%
3. Carbohydrates 55%
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
   * must be obtained from diet*

Question 8

Energy measurements

Answer 8

1 kilocalorie= 1000 calories

1 lb= 3,500 calories

Question 9

Calorie densities

Answer 9

Fats = 9cal/g
Alcohol = 7cal/g
Carbohydrates = 4cal/g
Proteins = 4cal/g

Question 10

Proteins

9 essential amino acids

Answer 10

20 amino acids
9 essential
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Question 11

Vitamins

Answer 11

1. Water soluble (C)
   Not stored, eliminated in urine
2. Fat soluble (A, D, E)
   Excess stored in fat tissue, over consumption (A & D) can result in toxicity

Question 12

Minerals

Answer 12

Inorganic because they do not contain carbon atoms
- approximately 17-21 essentials minerals
Macronutrients (major)= calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, soulful, sodium, potassium
Micronutrients (minor)= zinc, iron, copper, fluoride, iodine, selenium

Question 13

Five food groups

Answer 13

1. Grain products
2. Vegetables and fruits
3. Milk products
4. Meat and alternatives
5. Other foods (junk food)

Question 14

Complete vs. incomplete proteins

Answer 14

Complete= supply all 9 essential amino acids (fish, eggs, milk, cheese)

Incomplete= don’t supply all 9 essential amino acids (beans, peas, nuts)

Question 15

Types is fat (lipids)

Answer 15

Saturated= no double bonds exist (meats, eggs)
Monounsaturated= one double bond exists (canola oil)
Polyunsaturated= two or more double bonds exist (corn oil)

Question 16

Hydrogenation

Answer 16

Turns what were double bonds in unsaturated fats to single bonds. Makes a more solid fat form of oil.

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

Primary source of energy in our diet (sugars, starches, fibre)
Monosaccharides= simples sugars (glucose) found if vegetables, fruits
Disaccharide= table sugar
Polysaccharide= found in bread, pasta, known as starches

Question 18

Soluble vs. insoluble fibres

Answer 18

Soluble= has the ability to bind cholesterol-containing compounds in the intestines 
Insoluble= main function is to absorb water from intestinal tract

Question 19

Calorie intake

Answer 19

Female: minimum=1600 calories/day

Male: minimum=200 calories/day

Question 20

Carbohydrate loading

Answer 20

Practice of increasing muscle glycogen stores by gradually reducing the duration of training sessions during the week before an event, and progressively increasing the consumption of dietary carbohydrates.

Question 21

Ergogenic aids

Answer 21

Substances that enhance work output, particularly as it relates to athletic performance.

Question 22

Digestive system

Answer 22

• produces energy from food ingested

- transfers emergent rich nutrients, water, and electrolytes into your body’s internal environment.

Question 23

Body types

Answer 23

Mesomorphs= amount of muscle (muscularity)
Endomorphs= amount of fat (roundness)
Ectomorphs= tall and thin (linearity)