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Biology A Level > Heart And Haemoglobin > Flashcards

Heart And Haemoglobin Flashcards

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1
Q

Direction of blood flow through the heart.

A 
Body 
Vena cava
Right atrium 
Right ventricle 
Pulmonary artery 
Pulmonary vein 
Left atrium 
Left ventricle
Aorta 
Body
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2
Q

What is the circulation from the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

What is the circulation from the aorta to the vena cava?

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

What is the lub sound?

A

The Atro-ventricular valves closing

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5
Q

What is the dub sound?

A

Semi-lunar valves closing

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6
Q

When do valves open?

A

When the pressure behind them is greater than the pressure ahead

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7
Q

What is the sequence of valves opening and closing in the heart?

A

Atrial-ventricular valve closing, semi-lunar valve opening, semi-lunar valve closing, atrial-ventricular valve opening

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8
Q

What are the 4 valves ?

A

Atrioventricular
Semi lunar
Mitrial
Tricuspid

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9
Q

What part of the heart takes blood to the rest of the body?

A

The aorta

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10
Q

What part of the heart is where blood enters from the rest of the body?

A

The vena cava

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11
Q

What difference is there between the left and right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle is larger in size with more muscle mass, as it requires more power to pump blood through the rest of the body.

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12
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate.

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13
Q

What is it called when a chamber is contracting?

A

Systole

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14
Q

What is it called when a chamber is relaxing?

A

Diastole

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15
Q

What does an ECG measure?

A

An Electrocardiogram measures the electrical output of the heart.

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16
Q

How do the left atrium and left ventricle differ in pressure?

A

The atrium has a much lower maximum pressure as it only pumps blood to the ventricle, whereas the ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.

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17
Q

What is contraction of the blood vessels called?

A

Vasoconstriction

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18
Q

What is relaxation of the blood vessels called?

A

Vasodilation

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19
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A

Blood flows through the lumen, with the tunica intima (endothelium) surrounding it, a thick central layer (tunica media) surrounds this, and an outer connective tissue layer (tunica externa)

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20
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

A thick layer of elastic tissue and smooth muscle tissue, allowing for both stretch and contraction, maintaining blood flow without a loss of pressure.

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21
Q

Describe the tunica intima

A

The endothelium, recognised by a thin endothelial layer of squamous epithelium.

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22
Q

Describe the tunica externa

A

A layer of elastic connective tissue (collagen and elastin) which anchors the artery to other tissues and resits overexpansion.

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23
Q

Who do the walls of the arteries need to be thick with a lot of elastic tissue?

A

To withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth muscle in the artery walls.

A

They help to maintain blood pressure, especially as they move away from the heart.

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25
Q

How do the structure of veins and arteries differ?

A

In the relative thickness of each vessel layer, and also the presence of valves in veins.

26
Q

Describe one-way valves

A

Valves which only open when the pressure behind the valves are greater than the pressure ahead. They help to keep blood moving towards the heart, and prevent back-flow.

27
Q

How do the lumen of veins and arteries differ?

A

Veins have much larger lumens, whereas arteries have much smaller and more defined lumens.

28
Q

How small are capillaries?

A

They have a diameter between 4-10 micrometers

29
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

The only tissue present is an endothelium of squamous epithelial cells, with small gaps that allow blood to leak out and in.

30
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

To transport oxygen and materials between the blood and body tissue cells.

31
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

The pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries forces fluid through gaps, which contains nutrients and oxygen. This is either transported back into the capillary at the venous end, or is drained into the lymph vessels.

32
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary network

A

Blood passes through the terminal arteriolar, through the vascular shunt to the post-capillary valve, where it passes through the body. Should the metabolic needs increase, smooth muscle sphincters will open, supplying blood to the capillaries.

33
Q

Explain the role of the smooth muscle sphincters and the vascular shunt in a capillary network

A

They help to regulate blood flow through the capillaries, relaxing and allowing blood to pass when metabolic needs increase, or contract and shut when needs decrease, allowing blood to flow through the shunt instead.

34
Q

Give some examples of cardiovascular diseases.

A

Artheroma
Thrombosis
Aneurysm
Myocardial infarction

35
Q

What is an artheroma?

A

An accumulation of materials/plaques on the endothelium of an artery, made up of lipids, calcium and other tissues

36
Q

What can an artheroma lead to/cause?

A

Narrows the blood vessel (restricting blood flow) and this material can break off and form clots (which may lead to stroke)

37
Q

What are some controllable/modifiable factors of heart disease ?

A
  • High blood pressure (can be caused by smoking)
  • Physical inactivity
  • Obesity
  • High blood cholesterol
38
Q

What are some non-controllable/modifiable factors of heart disease ?

A
  • Gender (males are more at risk)
  • Age
  • genetic factors
  • Race and ethnicity
39
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart muscle, often leads to death as the heart cannot pump

40
Q

What is thrombosis, what causes it, and what can it lead to?

A

The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, preventing blood flow. Can lead to a heart attack or stroke

41
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

4 interlocking globular protein subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta) each with a haem group which has an Fe2+ ion. Each haem group can carry one O2 molecule.

42
Q

What is it called when oxygen and haemoglobin bond to form oxyhaemoglobin ?

A

Loading (of O2)

43
Q

What is it called when oxyhaemoglobin goes to oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

Unloading (of O2)

44
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2?

A

pO2 is a measure of oxygen concentration

45
Q

What is affinity?

A

The chemical attraction between oxygen and haemoglobin

46
Q

What is affinity of haemoglobin like at the gas exchange surface (alveoli)?

A

Affinity is high, and oxygen is associated (loaded)

47
Q

What is affinity of haemoglobin like at the respiring tissues (eg muscles)

A

It is low, so oxygen is dissociated

48
Q

What causes the differences in haemoglobin between species?

A

A slightly different amino acid sequence (primary structure)

49
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve s shaped?

A

The first O2 molecule combines with a Hb and distorts it (this is slow). After the Hb has changed shape a little it becomes easier for the second and third O2 to join. It flattens off at the top because joining the fourth O2 is difficult.

50
Q

Describe how haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen in the blood.

A

Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin at a high pO2 (due to higher affinity). This then travels through the bloodstream to respiring tissues that have a low pO2 (and therefore lower affinity of Hb). This causes the haemoglobin to unload the O2

51
Q

How does Carbon dioxide affect haemoglobin?

A

Higher pCO2 leads to more unloading of O2 as it lowers the affinity of haemoglobin. This is called the Bohr effect

52
Q

How does lowering the blood pH affect haemoglobin?

A

A higher presence of H+ ions leads to haemoglobin having a lower affinity and therefore unloading more O2

53
Q

What organisms may have haemoglobin with a lower affinity?

A

Animals with a high metabolic rate, as they need Oxygen to be supplied to the respiring tissues quickly.

54
Q

What organisms may have haemoglobin with a higher affinity?

A

Animals with less oxygen in their environment (eg alpacas) so they can take up more oxygen

55
Q

What type of muscle is found in the heart chambers?

A

Cardiac or myogenic muscle

56
Q

What is the left atrio-ventricular valve also known as?

A

The mitrial valve

57
Q

What is the left semi-lunar valve also known as?

A

The aortic valve

58
Q

What is the right semi-lunar valve also known as?

A

The pulmonary valve

59
Q

What is the right atrioventricular valve also known as?

A

The tricuspid valve

60
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle ?

A

Cardiac diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole

61
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A

1) all muscle relaxed, Blood enters the atria, forcing AV valves open and blood enters ventricle
2) Sinoatrial node sends a pulse to cause atria to contract, to ensure blood enters the ventricle and atria are empty (preventing back flow)
3) AVN sends a pulse to cause ventricles to contract, pumping blood out of aorta. The pulse travels through the heart to the insulated bundle of His

62
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial node found?

A

In the right atrium

Biology A Level (23 decks)

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