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Biology A Level > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What factors can increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Short distance
Large concentration gradient
Large surface area:volume ratio

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2
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

( Surface area x concentration difference ) / diffusion distance

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3
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A large tube covered partially in c-shaped cartilage rings, leading from the nasal and oral cavity, through the neck, to the bronchi.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage on the trachea?

A

Prevents the trachea collapsing, changing shape, being cut off at certain angles, and damage when hit.

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5
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

2 Tubes that split off from the trachea, taking air throughout each Lung.

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6
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Small air sacs covered in blood vessels (capillaries)

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7
Q

What adaptations do alveoli have to benefit gas exchange ?

A

Folded walls (increase SA:V)
Capillaries to take oxygenated blood away (increase the conc gradient)
Flattened epithelium walls with one cell thick capillaries (decreases diffusion distance)

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8
Q

What is the nasal and cavities?

A

Openings throughout the head to the respiratory system.

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9
Q

What do the nasal and oral cavity do to prevent respiratory illness?

A

Contains hairs to trap dust, and tissues to capture germs

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10
Q

What adaptations do the trachea and bronchi have ?

A 
Warm/moist to prevent drying out
Hairs to trap large dust particles
Goblet cells to trap small particles
Ciliated cells beat particles up the trachea to the throat to cough up
Contain macrophages to fight bacteria
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11
Q

What other adaptations do the alveoli have ?

A

Moist inner surface - preventing drying out
Surfactant - prevents surface sticking
Macrophages

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12
Q

How do single celled organisms gain the oxygen they require for respiration?

A

diffusion across the cell membrane, as they have an extremely large surface area:volume ratio

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13
Q

what are spiracles?

A

Holes in the abdomen of insects, used to let air in and out of the tracheoles

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14
Q

what is the advantage of the insect in opening and closing the spiracles?

A

it conserves water when closed

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15
Q

What do humans do to move air in and out of the lungs?

A

Increase and decrease the pressure of the air inside their lungs, by contracting and relaxing their muscles to change the volume.

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16
Q

During inhalation, what happens to the volume, pressure and air?

A

Volume increases, decreasing pressure, and causing air to rush in from the atmosphere

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17
Q

During exhalation, what happens to the volume, pressure and air?

A

Volume decreases, increasing pressure and air rushes out of the lungs into the surroundings

18
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?

A

Contracts and moves down (increasing volume of the thorax)

19
Q

What does each intercostal muscle do during inhalation?

A

Internal muscles relax and external muscles contract, causing the ribs to move upwards and outwards

20
Q

What does the diaphragm do during exhalation?

A

Relaxes and moves up (decreasing volume in the thorax)

21
Q

What does each intercostal muscle do during exhalation?

A

Internal muscles contract and external muscles relax, causing the ribs to move down and in.

22
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate

23
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air ventilated at rest

24
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths taken in a minute

25
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The air that cannot be exhaled, so as to prevent the lungs and alveoli collapsing.

26
Q

What are the two categories of non-infectious pulmonary diseases?

A

Restrictive and obstructive diseases

27
Q

What are obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

Diseases that prevent air reaching the alveoli

28
Q

What are restrictive pulmonary diseases?

A

Diseases that affect the site of gas exchange

29
Q

Give examples of obstructive pulmonary diseases.

A

Asthma - immune response causes inflammation of airways, restricting air flow
Emphysema - reduced lung elasticity causes airways and alveoli to collapse
Chronic bronchitis - excess mucus production reduces airflow

30
Q

Give an example of a restrictive pulmonary disease

A

Fibrosis - scarring of the tissue in the alveoli (caused by air pollutants and irritants) causes the alveoli difficulty to expand, and as a result causes difficulty breathing.

31
Q

What is the name of the breathing system for insects?

A

The tracheal system

32
Q

What are the spiracles?

A

Tiny holes in the insect’s exoskeleton where gases enter and leave.

33
Q

What is the ppO2 of water compared to air?

A

Water has 30x less oxygen than air.

34
Q

Describe the anatomy of the Gill of a fish.

A

There are four layers of gills on both sides of the head. The gills are made up of stacks of Gill filaments.
Each Gill filament is covered in Gill lamellae.

35
Q

Describe the movement of water through a fish’s gills.

A

When fish open their mouth, water rushes in and over the gills and then out through a hole in the side of their head

36
Q

How do many Gill filaments covered in many lamellae benefit gas exchange?

A

They increase the rate of diffusion, of oxygen into the blood.

37
Q

What adaptations do Gill lamellae have to benefit gas exchange?

A

They are very thin, reducing diffusion distance.

38
Q

How is the concentration gradient of oxygen maintained in fish?

A

Through countercurrent flow.

39
Q

What is countercurrent flow

A

The movement of water is opposite to the movement of blood.

40
Q

How does countercurrent flow benefit gas exchange?

A

It ensures that equilibrium is not reached, ensuring that a diffusion gradient is maintained across the entire length of the Gill lamellae

41
Q

Describe gas exchange in an insect

A
  • Oxygen passes through spiracles into trachea, which then passes into tracheoles
  • Oxygen diffuses into nearby (short diffusion distance) respiring cells (which use up oxygen increasing the concentration gradient)

Biology A Level (23 decks)

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