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Anatomy Exam 2 > Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

pericardium structure and function

A

structure:
- fibrous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels
- fused inferiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm
function: Attachments keep the heart in position & limit cardiac distension

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2
Q

fibrous pericardium structure

A
  • outer layer of dense connective tissue of pericardium

- fuses superiorly with tunica adventitia of SVC, ascending aorta, and pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

what is the pericardium reinforced by?

A

2 sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly and posteriorly by loose CT attaches the pericardium to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi.

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4
Q

what is the pericardium overlapped by?

A

two pleural sacs and lungs

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5
Q

where the pleural deviates, it contacts with what?

A

contacts with posterior sternum surface and 4ht & 5th left intercostal spaces

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6
Q

laterally, the mediastinal pleura drapes over what?

A

the surface of the pericardium with the phrenic nerve and pericardiacophrenic artery and vein sandwiched between pleura and pericardium

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7
Q

posteriorly, pericardium contacts what 3 structures?

A
  1. esophagus
  2. descending thoracic aorta
  3. main bronchi
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8
Q

serous pericardium includes what?

A

-parietal and visceral layer

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9
Q

pericardial cavity

A

an enclosed sac with a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

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10
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

thin film of fluid that enables the heart to move and beat in a relatively frictionless environment.

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11
Q

fibrous pericardium function

A

to retain the heart in position and limit its distension—it prevents sudden overfilling

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12
Q

parietal layer of serous pericardium is closelt adherent to what?

A

fibrous pericardium

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13
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of the serous pericardium is more loosely bound to the heart

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14
Q

The heart is completely invested in epicardium except what?

A

the posterior, irregular area between the venae cavae and pulmonary vv. where myocardium contacts fibrous pericardium.

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15
Q

development of heart and pericardial sinuses

A
  • Form during embryonic life due to folding of embryonic heart tube
  • As heart tube folds, venous end moves posterior and up, so venous end then is up by arterial end, separated by transverse sinus
  • As veins of heart grow and expand, oblique sinus is formed, a recess, a blind sac behind posterior side of the heart.
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16
Q

reflections of pericardium

A

where 2 layers of pericardium meet each other

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17
Q

transverse sinus location

A

at arterial end where pulmonary trunk and aorta leave heart

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18
Q

oblique sinus location

A

at venous end where SVC, INC pulmonary veins enter the heart

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19
Q

pericardial sinuses

A
  • can reach by inserting finger under apex of heart and pushing up and right towards root of the right lung
  • assists with frictionless movement of the heart in pericardial cavity
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20
Q

Blood supply to the pericardium is via

A

is via

  • pericardiacophrenic arteries
  • musculophrenic arteries
  • branches of the thoracic aorta (bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic)
  • coronary arteries (to visceral layer only).
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21
Q

venous drainage is via

A

percardiacophrenic vv, internal thoracic vv, and tributaries of azygos system

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22
Q

somatic sensory innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers in pericardium is via

A

via phrenic nerves

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23
Q

visceral sensory to epicardium in pericardium is via

A

the cardiac plexuses

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24
Q

what is insensitive to pain?

A

epicardium

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25
Q

sensory innervation of the pericardium: vagus unknown and sympathetic trunks

A

vagus unknown- unknown

sympathetic trunks- vasomotor

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26
Q

pericarditis

A
  • inflammation
  • causes chest pain.
  • occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other.
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27
Q

pericardial effusion

A
  • presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space.
  • caused by a variety of local and systemic disorders, or it may be idiopathic.
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28
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac puts pressure on the heart, which may prevent it from pumping effectively

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29
Q

pericardiocentesis

A
  • subxiphoid approach
  • needle inserted between the xiphoid process and L costal margin 30-45 degree angle
  • aim for L mid-clavicle
  • directs needle toward anterior wall of R ventricle
30
Q

sinus venarum

A

smooth thin-walled posterior part that receives that venae cavae and coronary sinus
(part of right atrium)

31
Q

where is sinus venarum derived from

A

embryonic sinus venosus

32
Q

pectinate muscles

A

divided from the sinus venarum by the crista terminalis

part of right atrium

33
Q

what divides the right and left atrium?

A

interatrial septum

34
Q

fossa ovalis

A

remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve

35
Q

what happens wht the patent foramen ovale is too large?

A

t allows O2 blood to be shunted to the right atrium

  • > resulting in an overloading of the pulmonary system.
  • the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged.
36
Q

where does the right ventricle receive blood from?

A

the right atrium thru the right atrioventricular orifice

37
Q

how is the right ventricle guarded?

A

tricuspid valve

38
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the right ventricle

39
Q

the interventricular septum has what 2 parts?

A
  1. muscular part

2. membranous part that is superior and posterior

40
Q

conus arteriosus

A

cone-shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk

41
Q

pulmonary valve

A

semilunar valve guarding the pulonary trunk

42
Q

blood flow thru the right ventricle

A

from the right AV valve to pulmonary valve follows a U-shaped path

43
Q

tricuspid

A

right AV valve

44
Q

what are the 3 cusps of the right atrioventricular valve?

A

=(tricuspid valve)

  1. anterior cusp
  2. posterior cusp
  3. septal cusp
45
Q

what are the papillary muscles associated with the right AV valve?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • septal
46
Q

the function of atrioventricular valves

A
  • prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction.
  • Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria.
47
Q

function of left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via 4 pulmonary veins

48
Q

structure of left atrium

A

smooth interior except for pectinate muscles in the left auricle

49
Q

function of left ventricle

A

receives blood from left atrium through the left atrioventricular orifice

50
Q

how is the left ventricle guarded?

A

by mitral valve

51
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

how the internal surface of left ventricle is characterized

52
Q

size of the left ventricle compared to the right ventricle

A

left is 2x as thick as the right ventricle wall

53
Q

aortic vestibule

A

part that leads into aorta is smooth-walled

54
Q

aortic valve

A

semilunar valve guarding acending aorta

55
Q

blood flow through left ventricle

A

takes two right turns resulting in a 180 change in direction

56
Q

ventricular septal defects occurs?

A
  • most occur in muscular portion

- opening between L & R ventricles, associated shunting of blood

57
Q

what are the 2 cusps associated with mitral valve

A

=(bicuspid valve)

  1. anterior cusp
  2. posterior cusp
58
Q

what is the most commonly disease of the heart valves?

A

mitral valve

59
Q

what can form on the cusps to result in turbulent flow?

A

nodules

60
Q

hemodynamics

A

associated with valvular prolapse can erode the endothelial surfaces of the valve and predispose a patient to endocardial infections

61
Q

what can mitral valve prolapse result in?

A

enlargement of left atrium

62
Q

semilunar valves consist of what 2 valves?

A
  1. pulmonary

2. aortic valves

63
Q

semilunar valves

A

3 cusps to prevent backflow into the ventricular relaxation

64
Q

what valve is not associated with chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

A

semilunar valves

65
Q

each cusp of semilunar has what?

A
  • fibrous nodule

- lunule

66
Q

lunule

A

a thin CT area on either side of the nodule

67
Q

location of nodule

A

at the midpoint of its free edge

68
Q

what happens to the nodules and lunule when the valves close?

A

they meet in the center

69
Q

the coronary arteries arise from what?

A

aortic sinuses

70
Q

coronary arteries fill as the what___ fill following ventricular contraction

A

aortic sinuses

71
Q

early development of semilunar valves

A
  • both ventricles has 4 cusps
  • under division into 2 vessels
  • partial rotation of heart results in the final arrangement of aorta and pulomonary trunk

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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