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Anatomy Exam 2 > Diaphragm Pleurae > Flashcards

Diaphragm Pleurae Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • A movable median partition of the thoracic cavity that extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet/root of the neck & inferiorly to the respiratory diaphragm.
  • It extends anteriorly to the sternum and pos
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2
Q

Respiratory Diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle diaphragm lined by pleura (superiorly) and peritoneum (inferiorly) that separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera.

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3
Q

What is the mediastinum divided into?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Anterior
  3. Middle
  4. Posterior
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4
Q

Superior mediastinum

A

bounded anteriorly by the manubrium & posteriorly by vertebral bodies of T1-T4

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5
Q

Anterior mediastinum

A

space between the pericardium and the sternum

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6
Q

Middle mediastinum

A

pericardium & heart

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7
Q

Posterior mediastinum

A

between the pericardium and the vertebral column

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8
Q

What is the inferior mediastium and what makes up it?

A

bounded anteriorly by the body of the sternum and posteriorly by the vertebral bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae.
- Subdivided into: Anterior, middle, posterior mediastinum

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9
Q

Respiratory diaphragm

A
  • most important muscle of respiration.
  • Thin muscular & tendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
  • pierced by structures that pass between the thorax & abdomen.
  • dome-shaped (convex superiorly)
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10
Q

attachments of the respiratory diaphragm (4)

A
  1. right crus and left crus
  2. median arcuate ligament
  3. medial arcuate ligament
  4. lateral arcuate ligament
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11
Q

right crus

A

larger and longer (L1-L3/L4);

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12
Q

median arcuate ligament

A

unites the crura and forms the aortic hiatus

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13
Q

medial arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (psoas major)

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14
Q

lateral arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (quadratus lumborum)

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15
Q

what arise from the anterior surface of L1-3/IVDs & the anterior longitudinal ligament

A

crura of the diaphragm

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16
Q

Diaphramatic Apertures (openings)

A
  • (Inferior) Caval hiatus –T8
  • Esophageal hiatus –T10
  • Aortic hiatus –T12
  • “I ate ten eggs at noon”
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17
Q

what is the respiratory diaphragm innervated by?

A

(somatic motor) by the phrenic nerve (C3-5)

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18
Q

What also carries sensory information (pain & proprioception)?

A

phrenic

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19
Q

what do peripheral parts of the diaphragm also receive?

A

some sensory innervation from lower intercostal nerves

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20
Q

vasculature of the respiratory diaphragm

A

arterial supply and venous drainage

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21
Q

superior surface of arterial supply

A

Musculophrenic & Pericardiacophrenic (br. ITA)and Superior Phrenic (br. Thoracic Aorta)

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22
Q

inferior surface of arterial supply

A

Inferior Phrenic (br. Abdominal Aorta)

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23
Q

superior surface of venous drainage

A

Musculophrenic & Pericardiacophrenic (drain into ITV) and R. Superior Phrenic (drain into IVC), some veins from posterior curvature drain into azygos and hemiazygos veins

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24
Q

inferior surface of venous drainage

A

R. inferior phrenic (IVC) & L inferior phrenic (IVC and/or suprarenal vein)

25
Q

Pleura or Pleural membrane

A

lining of the thoracic cavity

26
Q

general features of the pleural membrane

A
  1. serous membranes forming closed sacs

2. two layers ( visceral and parietal pleura)

27
Q

visceral pleura

A

adheres to lung, continuous with parietal pleura at root of lung

28
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic cavity

29
Q

pleural cavity

A
  • potential space b/t pleura layers
  • contains small amount of serous pleural fluid
  • lubricates pleural surfaces and allows layers to slide smoothly over one another during respiration
30
Q

pleural reflections

A

lines, usually projected onto thoracic wall surface, indicating abrupt change in parietal pleura direction as it passes from one wall of the pulmonary cavity to another

31
Q

does the lung completely fill the pleural cavity, why?

A

no; therefore there are places where parietal pleurae can appose each other

32
Q

what is pleural recesses? and what 2 recesses are there?

A
  • occupied by lungs only on (forced) deep inspiration

- Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses

33
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recesses

A

split like space b/t space between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae, along the interior border of the lung, which enters through it in deep inspiration

34
Q

costomediastinal recesses

A

slit like space b/t costal and mediastinal pleurae, along the anterior border of the lung which enters into it in deep inspiration

35
Q

Thoracentesis

A
  • procedure where a needle is inserted into the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall.
  • remove excess fluid, known as a pleural effusion, from the pleural space to help you breathe easier.
36
Q

pleural effusion

A
  • excess fluid in pleural space

- “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs.

37
Q

empyema

A

pus in the pleural space

38
Q

hemothorax

A

haemorrhagic pleural effusion

39
Q

pneumothorax

A

air filled the pleural space, between the layers of parietal pleura lining the chest wall and the visceral pleura covering the lung

40
Q

what is pneumothorax caused by?

A

a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures,or damage from underlying lung disease.
Or it may occur for noobvious reason

41
Q

pneumothorax symptoms

A

include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath

42
Q

pneumothorax treatment

A

involves inserting a flexible tube or needle between the ribs to remove the excess air. However, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own.

43
Q

blood supply of pleurae

A
  • visceral and parietal pleura
44
Q

bronchial arteries arise from what?

A

athoracic aorta; 1-2 for each lung

45
Q

role of bronchial arteries

A
  • Supply oxygenated blood to the nonrespiratory tissues of the lung & visceralpleura
  • Anastomoses occur between the capillaries of the bronchial and pulmonary systems.
46
Q

bronchial veins

A
  • Only two visible and named bronchial veins.
  • Probably carry only about 13%ofbronchialvenous blood to systemic venous circuit.
  • Remaining 87% of bronchial venous blood drains to pulmonary venous circuit desaturating the LA blood by about one percent from 100 to 99%.
47
Q

arterial supply of the pleurae

A
  • Arterial supply is from the branches of the bronchial and pulmonary arterial systems.
48
Q

where do the veins drain in the blood supply of pleurae?

A

The veins drain to the azygos/hemiazygos veins & some to the pulmonary vein.

49
Q

arteries supply pleurae, which cover the following structures (4):

A
  • cervical pleura
  • cost pleura
  • diaphragmatic pleura
  • mediastinal pleura
50
Q

cervical pleura

A

intercostal vessels

51
Q

cost pleura

A

intercostal vessels

52
Q

diaphragmatic pleura

A

intercostal vessels (periphery) & pericardiacophrenic vessels (central tendon)

53
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

pericardiacophrenic vessels

54
Q

what would be the companion veins of the arterial supply?

A

venous drainage from parietal pleura

55
Q

nerve supply to the pleurae

A

viscera and parietal pleura

56
Q

viscera pleura of nerve supply

A

no nerve supply

57
Q

parietal pleura of nerve supply

A

Identical to the vascular supply

58
Q

parietal pleura of nerve supply also cover the following structures (4)

A
  • cervical pleura
  • costal pleura
  • diaphragmatic pleura intercostal nerves & phrenic nerves (central tendon)
  • mediastinal pleura
59
Q

mediastinal pleura of nerves

A

phrenic nerves

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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