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Anatomy Exam 2 > Dental Anatomy Lungs > Flashcards

Dental Anatomy Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system structure

A
  • conducting and respiratory portions and ventilatory mechanism
  • Pressure differences move air into and out of the lungs, causing inspiration &expiration
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2
Q

anatomical components of respiratory system

A

Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT (lungs)

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3
Q

respiratory system function

A
  • Conducts & conditions inspired air (nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles)
  • Gas exchange between air & blood (respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
  • Olfaction
  • Phonation
  • Defense (components of immune system in the walls; coughing)
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4
Q

when does the appearance of respiratory or laryngotracheal diverticulum develop after fertilization?

A

week 4

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5
Q

right & left primary bronchi

A

right & left lungs

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6
Q

secondary or lobar bronchi

A

number of lobes

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7
Q

right lung has how many lobes?

A

3 lobes (upper, middle, lower or superior, middle, inferior)

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8
Q

left lung has how mant lobes?

A

2 lobes (upper, lower or superior, inferior)

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9
Q

general features of right and left lungs

A
  • contained within separate pleural sacs.
  • separated from one another by the heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum).
  • elastic (due to elastic fibers in the alveoli)
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10
Q

how much can lungs recoil?

A

they recoil to about 1/3 their uninflated size when the thoracic cavity is opened

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11
Q

each lung is surrounded by what?

A

pleural cavity, which is formed by the visceral and parietal pleura.

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12
Q

how are the lungs suspended?

A

from the mediastinum by the lung root

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13
Q

apex

A

it is covered by cervical pleura and projects 2-3cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of neck.

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14
Q

base or diaphragmatic surface

A

against the dome of the diaphragm

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15
Q

costal surface

A

adjacent the sternum,costal cartilages, the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs,and vertebrae.

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16
Q

mediastinal surface

A

adjacent to the media stinum.

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17
Q

anterior border

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart. Inferior border

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18
Q

posterior border

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet broad and rounded broad and rounded

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19
Q

how is the left lung separated?

A

by oblique fissure

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20
Q

left lung 2 unique features

A
  • cardiac notch

- lingula (analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

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21
Q

location of oblique fissure in right lung

A

between superior/ middle and inferior

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22
Q

right lung 3 uniwue features

A
  • horizontal fissue between superior and middle
  • larger & heavier
  • shorters and wider
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23
Q

root of the lung

A

refers to the structures contained in the pulmonary sleeve and entering the hilum of the lung.

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24
Q

hilum of the lung (“doorway”)

A

the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue.

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25
Q

pulmonary ligament

A

where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura).

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26
Q

Hilum (root) of the lung structures (3)

A
  • Pulmonary Arteries
  • Main Bronchi
  • Pulmonary Veins = 1Anterior, 1 Inferior
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27
Q

pulmonary arteries of root of lung

A

=Superior

28
Q

Main Bronchi of root of lung

A

=Posterior (identified by cartilage in the wall)

29
Q

Pulmonary Veins of root of the lung

A

1 anterior, 1 inferior

30
Q

where is the most superior strucutre in the right root of the lung?

A

the bronchus to the superior lobe

31
Q

surface impression of right lung

A
  • Azygous vein
  • Right brachiocephalic vein
  • Superior vena cava
  • Esophagus
  • Heart or cardiac impression
32
Q

surface impression of left lung

A
  • esophagus
  • thoracic aorta
  • left subclavian artery
  • heart
33
Q

how are the trachea and bronchi supported?

A

supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

34
Q

trachea

A

bifurcates into mainbronchi (1ºbronchi).

A keel-like carina lies in the sagittalplane.

35
Q

bronchial tree

A

branching system of air tubes in each lung

- from the main bronchus to 65,000 terminal bronchioles

36
Q

main (primary) bronchi

A
  • supported by C- shape hyaline cartilage rings

- right and left main bronchus

37
Q

right main bronchus

A
  • 2-3 cm branch arising from fork of trachea
  • slightly wider and more vertical than left
  • aspired (inhaled) foreign objects lodge right bronchus more often the left
38
Q

left main bronchus

A

5 cm long

slightly narrower and more horizontal than right

39
Q

lobar (secondary) bronchi

A

•#2o bronchi=# lobes
•supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates
-3 right
-2 left

40
Q

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

A

supported by crescent-shaped cartilage plates

10 on right and 8 on left

41
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

functionally independent unit of the lung tissue

42
Q

what is primary or mainstem bronchi lined by?

A

Lined by “respiratory” epithelium = pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

43
Q

pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of airways in lungs
  • most commonly due to an infection of alveoli
  • May involve segment,lobe or entirelung
  • Swelling of alveolar walls& fluid in the alveolar spaces
  • Reduces capacity for gas exchange
44
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

the anatomical, functional and surgical unit (subdivision) of the lungs.

45
Q

what does each lung consists of?

A

Each consists of a segmental bronchus, a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery, and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin CT septum.

46
Q

what are the benefits of segmental (tertiary) bronchi?

A
  • Can limit the spread of infection.
  • More easily removed.
  • Drained by intersegmental pulmonary veins (in the connective tissue between adjacent segments).
47
Q

why are bronchopulmonary segments clinically important?

A

because a surgeon can resect a segment without seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue

48
Q

alveoli

A

the primary site of gas exchange

49
Q

oxygen

A

Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the bloodstream

50
Q

CO2

A

diffuse from blood across the alveolar wall to enter alveoli

51
Q

how do pulmonary arteries run to bronchi?

A

Pulmonary arteries run parallel to the bronchi, usually on the anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus.

52
Q

how do pulonary veins run?

A

Pulmonary veins run independent courses from arteries and bronchi.

53
Q

bronchial arteries function

A

supply blood for nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura.

54
Q

what are the nerves of the lungs derived from?

A

anterior and posterior pulonary plexuses

55
Q

where is parasympathetic derived from and what is parasympathetic function??

A
  • derived: vagus nerve
  • function: stimulate secretion from the bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels.
56
Q

what derives from sympathetic trunks?

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves

57
Q

function of sympathetic

A

stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle, and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels.

58
Q

visceral afferent/ sensory

A

conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

59
Q

lymphatic drainage

A

Lymph nodes around bronchi & within connective tissue picks up carbon, dust particles & pollutants not filtered by the epithelium

60
Q

lymphatic drainage flow

A

Lymph drains -> pulmonary nodes in lung-> bronchopulmonary nodes(hilum) –Tracheobronchial nodes -> L/R Bronchomediastinal trunks

61
Q

emphysema

A
  • main form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

- smoking- related disease

62
Q

what happens to alveoli in emphysema

A
  • Loss of area (alveoli) available for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue.
  • Alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil.
  • Alveoli expand but can’t contract/exhale air.
63
Q

what happens to chest in emphysema?

A

Increased chest size or “barrel chest” (from abnormally expanded lungs in emphysema)

64
Q

smoker’s lungs

A

black due to accumulation of carbon in lymph nodes

65
Q

lung cancer

A
  • leading cause of smoking-and cancer-related mortality in both sexes.
  • Originates in the epithelium
  • second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women.
66
Q

how do lung cancers manifest with symptoms and what are the symptoms?

A
  • symptoms produced by the primary tumor, locoregional spread, and metastatic disease.
  • Pulmonary symptoms include: chronic cough, hemoptysis (coughing up blood),excess pulmonary mucus production & increased infections
67
Q

carcinoma due to smoking

A

The malignant tumor has obstructed the bronchi supplying the middle and lower lobes, which are partially collapsed.

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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