Heart Flashcards
Function and location of Atria
- Helps pump blood into the heart
- First chamber in the heart
Function and location of the ventricles
- Helps pump blood out of heart
- Second chamber in heart
Function and location of the septum
-Separates the two halves of the heart
Function and location of the bicuspid valve
-Prevents backflow between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Function and location of the tricuspid valve
-Prevents backflow between the right atrium and right ventricle
Function and location of the semi-lunar valve
- Prevents backflow between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
- Prevents backflow between the aorta and the left ventricle
Function and location of the Vena cava
- Returns deoxygenated blood from the lungs to heart
- Enters the right atrium
Function and location of the Pulmonary vein
- Carries oxygenated blood from lungs and heart
- Enters the left atrium
Function and location of the Pulmonary artery
- Carries deoxygenated blood from blood to lungs
- Exits the right ventricle
Function and location of the Aorta
- Pumps oxygenated blood to body
- Exits from the left ventricle
Function and location of the Coronary artery
- Provides blood to the heart
- Covers the outside of the heart
Function and location of the Pericardium
- Fibrous sack surrounding the heart
- Walls of the heart
Function and location of the Myocardium
- Muscular walls that help it contract
- Walls of the heart
Characteristics of the arteries
- Thick walls
- Narrow lumen
- Muscular layer to help with contractions and flow
Characteristics of the veins
- Thinner walls than arteries
- Large lumen
- Muscle layer to help with contractions and flow
- Valves
Characteristic of the capillaries
- Thin walls
- 1 cell thick
- Narrow
Function of red blood cells
-Carries oxygen
Function of white blood cells
-Defends against disease
Function of platelets
-Forms scabs by clotting
Function of plasma
-Transports nutrients (glucose, amino acids) , antibodies, hormones, water (Carbon dioxide, urea)
Erythrocytes =
= Red blood cell
Leukocytes =
= White blood cells
Thrombocytes =
= Platelets
1) A antigens =
2) B antigens =
3) AB antigens =
4) No antigens =
1) Blood type A
2) Blood type B
3) BLood type AB
4) Blood type O
The rhesus antigen determines what ?
What % of the populate have/don’t have it
The rhesus antigen determines whether the blood type is positive or negative.
85% have the antigen- Rhesus positive
15% don’t have the antigen- Rhesus negative
What blood type is the universal donor?
O (negative)
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
What blood type is recessive and which are co-dominant?
Recessive~ O
Co-dominant ~AB
If you are rhesus positive what blood (positive/negative) can you take?
Both positive and negative
If you are rhesus negative what blood (positive/negative) can you take?
Just negative
Explain the cardiac cycle
- Wave of depolarisation at the sinoatrial node (SAN)
- Spreads across the atrium to the atrioventricular node (AVN)
- Transmitted down the bundle of his
- Into purkinje fibres
The heart can beat independently so it is described as
myogenic
The heart noise is described as a ‘lub dub’ noise, what causes the noise?
- ‘Lub’ is caused by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing
- ‘Dub’ is caused by the semi-lunar (SL) valves closing
Function of the Tendinous chord (heart strings) ?
They attach to the (Papillary) muscles to prevent the valves from turning inside out
What is Diastole?
- The heart fills with blood
- Atria and ventricles relax
- Semi-lunar valves are closed
- Atrioventricular valves are open
What is Atrial systole?
- Pumps blood from the atria to the ventricles
- Atria contracts
- Ventricles relaxed
- Blood is forced into ventricle
- Atrioventricular valves are open
- Semi-lunar valves are closed
What is Ventricular systole?
- Pumps blood from ventricles to aorta
- Atrioventricular valves are closed
- Semi-Lunar valves are open
- Atria relaxes
What does an electrocardiogram(ECG) do?
-Records the electrical activity in the heart
The Heart waves
P waves-
QRS-
T
P waves- Atrial systole
QRS- Ventricular systole
T- Diastole
What is Tachycardia?
-Elevated heart rate for no reason
~Can be so high that little blood is pumped
-Treated with relaxation therapy and b-blockers
What is Bradycardia?
-Electrical activity is normal but slow
~Caused by good aerobic fitness, drugs (tranquilizers/b-blockers)
~Could cause blood clots, stagnation
What is Ventricular Fibrillation?
-Uncoordinated and weak contraction
~Fluttering & little blood is pumped
-Defibrillation may work-> heart shocked, stopped, restarted (may do so with a normal rhythm)
What is Sinus Arrhythmia?
- A normal variation in the beating of the heart
- Occurs while breathing
What is Flat line?
- No electrical activity at all
- Shock paddles will not work in stimulating electrical activity to start
- CPR might work
Genetic factors of cardiovascular disease
Gender- Females have higher HDL level, Oestrogen increase blood flow to muscles
Age- Arteries become less elastic with age-> increasing blood flow and risk of damage to blood vessel linings
Genetics- Some alleles increase the risk of CVD (inherited), alleles could cause valve weakness, high blood pressure, high LDL, high cholesterol
Risk factors of cardiovascular disease
Smoking- Reduces HDL(‘good cholesterol’) levels, Carbon Dioxide increases fatty deposits, Increases heart rate, increased blood pressure, Nicotine causes platelets to become sticky -> increasing blood clots,
Exercise- sedentary lifestyle, without exercise cardiac output is reduced, the heart rate increases and artery walls become less elastic.
Blood pressure- caused by environmental factors such as drinking/smoking or genetic factors such as inheritance.
High blood pressure as this can damage your linings of blood vessels.
Treatment for cardiovascular disease
Antihypertensives
Antihypertensives- A drug treatment-Reduces symptoms of cardiovascular disease such as blood pressure, reduce cardiac output, reduce resistance in the cardiac system.
Pros~
Reduces patients Symptoms
Cons~
Regular Potassium and blood sugar level test are required.
-Not suitable during pregnancy.
-Not suitable for people with a history of
-side effects:nausea, dizziness, cramps
Treatment for cardiovascular disease
Transplant
Transplant- -It replaces a faulty heart with a healthy/
functioning heart, patient takes immunosuppressants to reduce the chance of rejection.
Pros~
Cures patient of cardiovascular disease and its related symptoms
-immunosuppressants to reduce the chance of rejection
Cons~
-Risk of immune system rejecting the organ and attaching it
-Risk of infection
-Taking immunosuppressants weaken the immune system, making the patient more susceptible to illness.
Treatment for cardiovascular disease
Statins
Statin- A drug treatment–Reduces LDL ‘bad cholesterol’ levels, does this by inhibiting enzymes in the liver, this prevents /reduces the buildup of fatty materials that will block blood vessels
Pros~
-Lowers LDL levels
-Stops cholesterol blocking blood vessels, keeps heart rate low and lining damage low.
Cons~
-More side effects than anti-hypertensive : Tiredness, nausea, muscle weakness, diaherra
-People will rely on that statins and not eat healthy.
What can go wrong with the heart?
Cholesterol deposit- Buildup in arteries
Valves- faulty or leaky valves, blood does not pass efficiently
Heart failure- Can’t pump enough blood, can’t pump with enough force
