Heart

Question 1

Contents of Sup mediastinum

Answer 1

Great vessels, (thymus), trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve

Question 2

Contents of ant mediastinum

Answer 2

Mainly CT

Question 3

Middle Mediastinum contents

Answer 3

Heart, Pericardium

Question 4

Posterior Mediastinum contents

Answer 4

Thoracic aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos veins, sympathetic trunks

Question 5

The transverse sinus runs through what (2)

Answer 5

Ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk

Question 6

heart chambers

Answer 6

1. Right atrium
2. Right ventricle
3. Left atrium
4. Left ventricle

Question 7

base of the heart

Answer 7

opposite the apex

Question 8

Inferior diaphragmatic surface

Answer 8

Flat surface between the base of the heart and the apex (basically runs along the bottom of the right ventricle)

Question 9

Apex of the heart is at what level

Answer 9

left 5th intercostal space

Question 10

Superior border of the heart is at which level

Answer 10

2nd intercostal spaces

Question 11

Cardiopulmonary circulation

Answer 11

From upper body from the superior vena cava and from lower body from IVC into the Right Atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary trunk/artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> mitral valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> up to the aorta and to the body

Question 12

Diastole begins on the closure of which two valves

Answer 12

diastole begins upon closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 13

What opens at the early moments of diastole (2)

Answer 13

the atrioventricular valves

Question 14

______ contraction occurs during the final moments of diastole

Answer 14

atrial

Question 15

What happens very soon after systole begins?

Answer 15

closure of atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral) very soon after systole begins

Question 16

During systole (late) what happens

Answer 16

opening of aortic and pulmonary valves during systole

Question 17

Posterior view of the heart (6)

Answer 17

Answers:

1. Left atrium
2. Right pulmonary veins
3. Left pulmonary veins
4. Right atrium
5. Superior vena cava
6. Inferior vena cava

Question 18

In fetal blood circulation, describe the blood which enters the R. atrium

Answer 18

blood with high and low oxygen content enters

Question 19

In fetal blood circulation, oxygenated blood from the IVC is shunted where

Answer 19

towards the foramen ovale

Question 20

In fetal blood circulation, oxygenated blood from the IVC is shunted to the foramen ovale and then goes

Answer 20

to the left atrium, left ventricle, and then is circulated systemically

Question 21

in a fetus, Blood can pass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via the

Answer 21

ductus arteriosus

Question 22

ductus arteriosus

Answer 22

allows blood passage from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in a fetus

Question 23

Common etiology of atrial septal defect in a fetus

Answer 23

the foramen ovale does not close

Question 24

in atrial septal defect, what happens? Why?

Answer 24

This defect allows oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart… therefore the RA will hypertrophy

Question 25

In patent ductus arteriosus, the blood in this location is what

Answer 25

low in oxygen because oxygenated blood in the left ventricle is able to flow back to the lungs,

Question 26

patent ductus arteriosis

Answer 26

where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing passage of blood from the pulmonary trunk directly to the aorta.

Question 27

in patent ductus arteriosus, Does the blood in this location NORMALLY have a high or low oxygen content?

Answer 27

The blood in the aorta has high oxygen, while in the pulmonary trunk it has a low oxygen content.

Question 28

In patent ductus arteriosus, what would happen to respiration? How does this affect the heart?

Answer 28

Respiration rate increases-as the patient becomes hypoxic (oxygenated blood is lost from aorta). The heart is forced to work harder to oxygenate the body and is prone to failure

Question 29

In patent ductus arteriosus, what would happen to respiration? How does this affect the heart?

Answer 29

Respiration rate increases-as the patient becomes hypoxic (oxygenated blood is lost from aorta). The heart is forced to work harder to oxygenate the body and is prone to failure

Question 30

Where are ventricular septal defects likely to occur? Which is more common and which is more clinically significant?

Answer 30

In the membranous or muscular part of the intraventicular septum -membranous is more common and more significant

Question 31

Tetralogy of Fallot | 3 causes

Answer 31

1. obstruction of pulmonary trunk 2. ventricular septal defect 3. overriding aorta

Question 32

Heart sounds- "lub dup:

Answer 32

``` LUB= Atrioventricular valve closes DUP= Semilunar valve closes ```

Question 33

Levels to hear heart sounds-right side?

Answer 33

3rd costal cartilage and 6th

Question 34

Levels to hear heart sounds-left side

Answer 34

2nd costal cartilage Midclavicular line 5th intercostal space

Question 35

Pacemaker of the heart

Answer 35

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 36

Conduction system of the heart-explain

Answer 36

SA node --> AV node --> AV bundle/aka bundle of his -->bundle branches --> purkinje fibers Note can also go SA directly to Left Atrium

Question 37

Impulse is delayed where in heart conduction

Answer 37

at the AV node

Question 38

in heart conduction-the impulse passes to the heart apex via the bundle branches to begin what

Answer 38

ventricular excitation

Question 39

What conducts the final ventricular excitation to the muscles of the heart

Answer 39

purkinje fibers

Question 40

Location and Function of the moderator band in the heart?

Answer 40

The moderator band is located in the right ventricular apex that connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle. The function of this anatomy is to act as a primary conduction path in to the free wall originating from the right bundle branch

Question 41

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 41

Vagus nerve (CNX)

Question 42

What does the vagus nerve (CNX) do to the heart? (3)

Answer 42

Slows heart rate Reduces F of contraction Constricts coronary arteries

Question 43

Where is the vagus n. found near/ in the heart?

Answer 43

Passes posterior to the root of the lung

Question 44

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 44

Sympathetic chain from levels C4-T5

Question 45

Functions of the sympathetic chain on the heart? (4)

Answer 45

Increased heart rate, conduction, F of contraction, and blood flow through coronary arteries

Question 46

Thymus with age

Answer 46

immune organ, atrophies with age

Question 47

Thymus location to great vessels

Answer 47

ant

Question 48

Most ant great vessel

Answer 48

Pulmonary trunk

Question 49

Pericardium attaches to the diaphragm via what

Answer 49

the Pericaridacophrenic ligament

Question 50

Supplies blood to the pericardium

Answer 50

Pericardiacophrenic artery

Question 51

Pericardiacophrenic artery is a branch of?

Answer 51

the interal thoracic a.????