Heart Flashcards
1
Q
Systole
A
When the heart muscle contracts, ventricular contraction
Aortic and pulm valves open
2
Q
Systolic pressure
A
Pressure in arteries when the heart contracts
3
Q
Diastole
A
When the heart muscle relaxes, ventricular relaxation
Tricuspid and mitral valve open
4
Q
Diastolic pressure
A
Pressure in arteries when the heart rests
5
Q
End diastolic volume
A
Volume of blood in LV at the end of diastole (right before it contracts)
6
Q
End systolic volume
A
Volume of blood in the LV at the end of systole (ventricular ejection)
7
Q
Stroke volume
A
Volume of blood pumped out of the LV during systole (SV=EDV-ESV)
8
Q
Ejection fraction
A
% of blood the LV pumps out with each contraction (EF=SV/EDVx100)
9
Q
Cardiac output
A
Volume of blood pumped/minute (CO=SVxHR)
10
Q
Preload
A
Initial stretching of cardiomyocytes prior to contraction (EDV or pressure)
11
Q
Afterload
A
Load heart must eject blood against, related to aortic pressure, ventricular wall stress
12
Q
Isovolumetric relaxation
A
Ventricular diastole begins
Ventricles relax but volume of blood does not change because all heart valves are closed and pressure in V is still higher than A
13
Q
Atrial contraction
A
End of ventricular diastole, atrial systole
Atria contract to force last of blood into the ventricles
14
Q
Ventricular filling
A
Ventricular diastole continues
Pressure in A greater than V so AV valves open and blood flows passively
15
Q
Isovolumetric contraction
A
Ventricular systole begins and ventricles contract
V pressure is greater than A so AV valves are closed
Pressure not greater than aorta or pulmonary trunk
16
Q
Ventricular ejection
A
Ventricular systole continues
Ventricular contraction continues, pressure is now greater than aorta and pulmonary trunk forcing valves open
17
Q
P-wave
A
Atrial depolarization that precedes atrial contraction
18
Q
QRS complex
A
Ventricular depolarization right before ventricular contraction
19
Q
T-wave
A
Repolarization after ventricular contraction
20
Q
Covering of the heart
A
Pericardial sac
21
Q
Pericardial fluid
A
Lubricates the heart
22
Q
Tissues of the parietal pericardium
A
Fibrous layer and serous layer
23
Q
Fibrous layer
A
Dense, connective, collagenous tissue
Prevents overfilling
24
Q
Serous layer
A
Makes serous fluid
25
Fibrous layer location
Outer part of the pericardial sac
26
Serous layer
Balloon that wraps around the heart, creates two layers
27
Visceral pericardium
Part of the serous layer, closest part to the heart
28
Pericardial space
Fluid filled space in serous layers
29
Chamber of the heart that touches the sternum (anterior)
Right ventricle
30
Chamber of the heart that touches the esophagus (posterior)
Left atrium
31
Chamber of the heart that forms the base and touches diaphragm and ribs
Left ventricle
32
Chamber of the heart that forms the right side of heart
Right atrium
33
Chordae tenineae
Heart strings that are attached to atrioventricular valves that prevent regurgitation
34
Papillary muscles
Branching heart muscles that attach to chordae tendineae
35
S1 sound
Lub
Closing of atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole
36
S2 sound
Dub
Closing of semilunar valves
Diastole
37
Right coronary artery
Supplies right side of the heart and starts at right cusp of aortic valve
38
What the right coronary artery supplies
SA nodal artery
Right (acute) marginal artery
Posterior descending (interventricular) artery
39
Posterior descending (intraventricular) artery
Supplies posterior IV septum
40
Left coronary artery
Supplies left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus, branches from left cusp of aortic valve
41
Left coronary artery branches
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery
42
Left anterior descending artery
Supplies anterior IV septum and apex
43
Left circumflex artery
Supplies the left lateral wall
44
Coronary dominance
When looking at someone's heart, where the PDA comes from
58% from RCA
20% from LCA
2% from both R and LCA
45
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
46
Coronary sinus
Responsible for draining the deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium
47
Great cardiac vein function and location
Drains the anterior surface of the LV
Overlays the LAD and drains area that that supplies
48
Middle cardiac vein
Drains posterior walls and posterior IVS
Overlays the PDA
49
Small cardiac vein
Drains the posterior section of the heart
50
Where sympathetic innervation of the heart originates
T1-T5 in the spinal cord
51
Travel of a sympathetic nerve from spinal cord to the heart
Synapses in the lateral horn, travels out the ventral root into the sympathetic chain where it synapses again
Can travel up or down the symp. trunk to cervical or another T, then travels to the heart and synapses again
52
Location of parasympathetic innervation of the heart
Brainstem (medulla)
53
Travel of parasympathetic nerve to the heart
Synapses in the medulla and then travels directly to the heart and synapses again
54
SA Node
Originates in the RA and starts the depolarization of the heart
60-100bpm
55
AV node
In between the atrium and ventricles
Slows down signal so atrium fully contract before ventricles contract
40-60bpm
56
Bundle of his
Receives signal from AV node and rapidly sends down the IV septum into left and right bundle branches
57
Perkinje fibers
Located by the apex of the heart and wraps around and back up the heart so that the ventricles contract
Reaches papillary muscles first so the valves close before contraction
58
59
60
61
61
Systolic murmur
Occur during ventricular contraction
61
Most common murmurs
Valve stenosis and valve insufficiency
62
Diastolic murmur
Occur during atrial contraction
63
Stenosis
Failure of a valve to open completely, impedes forward flow by forcing blood through a smaller opening and the flow becomes turbulent
64
Insufficiency
Also known as regurgitation
Failure of a valve to close completely allowing reversed flow
Murmur occurs when valve should be shut
65
Why is the anatomical position important
Need a universal view of the body
66
What is the anatomical position
Patient facing forward, arms at the side, palms front, thumbs to the side, and pt POV (their left arm)
67
Anterior
Front
68
Ventral
Front
69
Posterior
Back
70
Dorsal
Back
71
Superior
Above, towards the top
72
Inferior
Below, towards the bottom
73
Cranial
Towards the top
74
Caudal
Towards the bottom
75
Medial
Towards midline
76
Lateral
Away from midline
77
Superficial
External, close to the surface
78
Deep
Internal, towards the inside
79
Proximal
Closer to origin in body
80
Distal
Further from origin in body
81
Sagittal plain
Cutting between eyes, left and right parts
82
Coronal
Also front plane
Cut between the ears, front and back
83
Transverse plane
Cuts the body into superior and inferior parts
84
Tissue
Group of related cells organized for a common purpose
85
Histology
Study of tissues
86
Color in stains
Pink = proteins
Purple = Nuclei
87
Types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
88
Epithelium characteristics
Avascular and no extracellular matrix
89
Anatomy of epithelial tissue
Cells anchored to a basement membrane with apical and basal surfaces
90
Epithelium location
Forms glandular tissue, lines lumen of tubular organs and body cavities and externally covers the body and organs
91
Basement membrane
Anchors epithelium to the underlying CT where the capillaries reside
92
How to classify epithelial tissue
Number of cell layers: Simple vs stratified
Cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Cell specialization: cilia or microvili
93
Cilia
Apical surface of anchored cells and moves liquid over the surface of the cell
94
Microvili
Apical surface of anchored cells, increases surface area for absorption
95
Simple squamous epithelium
One layer of flat cells
96
Simple squamous epithelium location
Alveoli, nephron, endothelium/capillaries, mesothelium lining parietal and visceral serous membranes
97
Simple squamous epithelium function
Diffusion, filtration, lubrication
98
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One layer of cubed cells with centrally located circular nucleus
99
Simple cuboidal epithelium function
Absorption and secretion
100
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Renal tubules in nephron, glands, airways, uterus/uterine tubes
101
Simple columnar epithelium
One layer of tall thin cells with oval nucleus towards basal
102
Simple columnar epithelium location
Mucosal layer of GI tract, glands, airways, uterus/uterine tube
103
Simple columnar epithelium function
Absorption and secretion
104
Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of flat cells
105
Stratified squamous epithelium location
Epidermis (keratinized), esophagus and vagina (non-keratinized)
106
Stratified squamous epithelium function
Protects underlying tissue from abrasion
107
Transitional epithelium
Multiple layers of dome shaped cells
108
Transitional epithelium location
Bladder
109
Transitional epithelium function
Permits stretch in urinary system
110
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells of differing heights all attached to the basement membrane
111
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location
Also known as respiratory epithelium, trachea and proximal bronchial tree
112
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function
Secretion (mainly mucous), propulsion of mucous by cilia
113
Connective tissue structure
Small number of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix, contains fibers and ground substance
114
Connective tissue embryonic origin
Mesenchyme
115
Types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
116
Connective tissue proper
Consists of loose and dense connective tissues based upon fiber concentration
117
Cells of the connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells
118
Fibroblast
Primary CT cell and synthesizes ECM fibers (collage/elastin) and ground substance
119
Adipocyte
Fat cells that store lipid in single droplet
120
Macrophage
Derived from monocyte, phagocytize and destroy microorganisms and damaged tissue
Inflammation, repair, and immune reactions
121
Mast cell
Abundant in CT that underlies barrier epithelium, detects foreign substances and initiates local inflammation
122
Extracellular matrix of CTP
Ground substance and fibers
123
Ground substance
Amorphous material that fills the space between the cells
* Consists of interstitial fluid, fibers, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.
* Holds fluid and functions as sieve through which H2O and solutes diffuse between
capillaries and cells.
124
Fibers of the CTP
Collagen and elastin
125
Function of CTP fibers
Provide support
126
Collagen
Part of the CTP
Tough, structural protein that provides tensile strength
Most abundant protein in the body
127
Elastin
Part of the CTP
Fiber that allows stretch and recoil in tissues
Snap the collagen fibers back into place after stretching
128
Types of CTP
Loose CT
Dense irregular CT
Dense regular
Adipose tissue
129
Loose CT
Deep to all basement membranes
130
Dense irregular CT function and location
Strong in all directions (dermis and submucosa of tubular organs)
131
Dense regular CT
Strong in one direction (tendon)
132
Adipose tissue
Stores energy, padding, insulation (hypodermis, around organs)
133
Cartilage function
Possesses qualities from CT proper and bone
Flexible, tough, resists tension, twisting, and compressive force
134
Cartilage cell
Chondrocytes that are surrounded by an ECM
They reside in lacunae embedded in ECM
135
Types of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
136
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant, located in articular cartilage (synovial joints), ribs, nose, etc...
137
Fibrocartilage
Possesses high concentration of collagen
Located in IV discs, pubic symphysis, menisci
138
Elastic cartilage location
Least abundant, located in ear and epiglottis
139
Bone
Composed of hard osseous tissue that supports and protects softer tissue
Attachments for tendons and ligaments
Cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells
140
Cells of the bone
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
141
Osteoblast
Secretes bone matrix and builds new bone
142
Osteocyte
Mature osteoblasts that reside in lacunae and monitor and maintain ECM
143
Osteoclasts
Secrete enzymes that catalyze breakdown of bone matrix
144
ECM of bone
Consists of calcium and phosphate with collagen
145
Blood
Fluid connective tissue with cells that are surrounded by ECM
146
Cells of blood
RBC
WBC
Platelets
147
RBC
Transports O2
148
White blood cell
Immune defense
149
Platelets
Clots blood
150
Extracellular matrix of bood
Plasma
151
Muscle tissue structure
Long, thin muscle cells called myofibers of myocytes
152
Myocytes
Cell of muscle tissue
Striated or smooth depending on presence or absense of repeating arrangements of contractile proteins called myosin and actin
153
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
154
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle with fibers that are long, striated, and multinucleated
155
Structure of skeletal muscle
Endomysium
Fascicles
Perimysium
Epimysium
156
Endomysium
Muscle fibers wrapped in this CT
157
Fascicles
Bundles of muscle fibers that are wrapped in perimysium
158
Perimysium
Wraps around bundles of muscle fibers
159
Epimysium
Wraps around all the fascicles and makes up the muscle
160
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated muscle fibers located in myocardium of the heart
Contains intercalated discs that like cells together
161
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle fibers with no striations located within walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
162
Function of smooth muscle
Propels substances within these organs by alternately contracting and relaxing and controls BP
163
Nervous tissue
Comprised of neurons, and neuroglia
164
Neurons
Send and receive messages and separated by synapses, communicate with NT
165
Types of neurons
Sensory, motor, interneurons
166
Sensory neuron
Respond to stimuli (touch, sound) and sends signals to CNS
167
Motor neuron
Sends impulses away from the CNS to control muscle and glands
168
Interneurons
Connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the CNS
169
Structure of a neuron
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Synapses
170
Neuroglia
Non neuronal cells in the CNS and PNS that provide physical and metabolic support to neurons
171
Oligodendrocytes
Produce myelin surrounding neuronal axons in the CNS
172
Schwann cells
Produces myelin surrounding neuronal axons in the PNS
173
Astrocytes
Star shaped glial cells that regulate transmission of electrical impulses in neurons and support BBB
174
Ependymal cells
Lines ventricular system of the brain
175
Microglia
Immune cells that serve as macrophages of the CNS
176
177
178
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
179
Simple cuboidal
180
Transitional epithelium
181
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
182
183
184
185
186
187
Skeletal muscle
188
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