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Anatomy Terms > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Systole

A

When the heart muscle contracts, ventricular contraction
Aortic and pulm valves open

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2
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries when the heart contracts

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3
Q

Diastole

A

When the heart muscle relaxes, ventricular relaxation
Tricuspid and mitral valve open

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4
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure in arteries when the heart rests

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5
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Volume of blood in LV at the end of diastole (right before it contracts)

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6
Q

End systolic volume

A

Volume of blood in the LV at the end of systole (ventricular ejection)

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7
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out of the LV during systole (SV=EDV-ESV)

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8
Q

Ejection fraction

A

% of blood the LV pumps out with each contraction (EF=SV/EDVx100)

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9
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped/minute (CO=SVxHR)

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10
Q

Preload

A

Initial stretching of cardiomyocytes prior to contraction (EDV or pressure)

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11
Q

Afterload

A

Load heart must eject blood against, related to aortic pressure, ventricular wall stress

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12
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

Ventricular diastole begins
Ventricles relax but volume of blood does not change because all heart valves are closed and pressure in V is still higher than A

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13
Q

Atrial contraction

A

End of ventricular diastole, atrial systole
Atria contract to force last of blood into the ventricles

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14
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Ventricular diastole continues
Pressure in A greater than V so AV valves open and blood flows passively

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15
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricular systole begins and ventricles contract
V pressure is greater than A so AV valves are closed
Pressure not greater than aorta or pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Ventricular systole continues
Ventricular contraction continues, pressure is now greater than aorta and pulmonary trunk forcing valves open

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17
Q

P-wave

A

Atrial depolarization that precedes atrial contraction

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18
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization right before ventricular contraction

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19
Q

T-wave

A

Repolarization after ventricular contraction

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20
Q

Covering of the heart

A

Pericardial sac

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21
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

Lubricates the heart

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22
Q

Tissues of the parietal pericardium

A

Fibrous layer and serous layer

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23
Q

Fibrous layer

A

Dense, connective, collagenous tissue
Prevents overfilling

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24
Q

Serous layer

A

Makes serous fluid

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25
Q

Fibrous layer location

A

Outer part of the pericardial sac

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26
Q

Serous layer

A

Balloon that wraps around the heart, creates two layers

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27
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Part of the serous layer, closest part to the heart

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28
Q

Pericardial space

A

Fluid filled space in serous layers

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29
Q

Chamber of the heart that touches the sternum (anterior)

A

Right ventricle

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30
Q

Chamber of the heart that touches the esophagus (posterior)

A

Left atrium

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31
Q

Chamber of the heart that forms the base and touches diaphragm and ribs

A

Left ventricle

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32
Q

Chamber of the heart that forms the right side of heart

A

Right atrium

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33
Q

Chordae tenineae

A

Heart strings that are attached to atrioventricular valves that prevent regurgitation

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34
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Branching heart muscles that attach to chordae tendineae

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35
Q

S1 sound

A

Lub
Closing of atrioventricular valves during ventricular systole

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36
Q

S2 sound

A

Dub
Closing of semilunar valves
Diastole

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37
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies right side of the heart and starts at right cusp of aortic valve

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38
Q

What the right coronary artery supplies

A

SA nodal artery
Right (acute) marginal artery
Posterior descending (interventricular) artery

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39
Q

Posterior descending (intraventricular) artery

A

Supplies posterior IV septum

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40
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Supplies left side of the heart in the coronary sulcus, branches from left cusp of aortic valve

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41
Q

Left coronary artery branches

A

Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery

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42
Q

Left anterior descending artery

A

Supplies anterior IV septum and apex

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43
Q

Left circumflex artery

A

Supplies the left lateral wall

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44
Q

Coronary dominance

A

When looking at someone’s heart, where the PDA comes from
58% from RCA
20% from LCA
2% from both R and LCA

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45
Q

Cardiac veins

A

Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein

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46
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Responsible for draining the deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium

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47
Q

Great cardiac vein function and location

A

Drains the anterior surface of the LV
Overlays the LAD and drains area that that supplies

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48
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

Drains posterior walls and posterior IVS
Overlays the PDA

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49
Q

Small cardiac vein

A

Drains the posterior section of the heart

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50
Q

Where sympathetic innervation of the heart originates

A

T1-T5 in the spinal cord

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51
Q

Travel of a sympathetic nerve from spinal cord to the heart

A

Synapses in the lateral horn, travels out the ventral root into the sympathetic chain where it synapses again
Can travel up or down the symp. trunk to cervical or another T, then travels to the heart and synapses again

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52
Q

Location of parasympathetic innervation of the heart

A

Brainstem (medulla)

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53
Q

Travel of parasympathetic nerve to the heart

A

Synapses in the medulla and then travels directly to the heart and synapses again

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54
Q

SA Node

A

Originates in the RA and starts the depolarization of the heart
60-100bpm

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55
Q

AV node

A

In between the atrium and ventricles
Slows down signal so atrium fully contract before ventricles contract
40-60bpm

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56
Q

Bundle of his

A

Receives signal from AV node and rapidly sends down the IV septum into left and right bundle branches

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57
Q

Perkinje fibers

A

Located by the apex of the heart and wraps around and back up the heart so that the ventricles contract
Reaches papillary muscles first so the valves close before contraction

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58
Q
A
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59
Q
A
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60
Q
A
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61
Q
A
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61
Q

Systolic murmur

A

Occur during ventricular contraction

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61
Q

Most common murmurs

A

Valve stenosis and valve insufficiency

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62
Q

Diastolic murmur

A

Occur during atrial contraction

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63
Q

Stenosis

A

Failure of a valve to open completely, impedes forward flow by forcing blood through a smaller opening and the flow becomes turbulent

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64
Q

Insufficiency

A

Also known as regurgitation
Failure of a valve to close completely allowing reversed flow
Murmur occurs when valve should be shut

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65
Q

Why is the anatomical position important

A

Need a universal view of the body

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66
Q

What is the anatomical position

A

Patient facing forward, arms at the side, palms front, thumbs to the side, and pt POV (their left arm)

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67
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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68
Q

Ventral

A

Front

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69
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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70
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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71
Q

Superior

A

Above, towards the top

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72
Q

Inferior

A

Below, towards the bottom

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73
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the top

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74
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the bottom

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75
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

76
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

77
Q

Superficial

A

External, close to the surface

78
Q

Deep

A

Internal, towards the inside

79
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to origin in body

80
Q

Distal

A

Further from origin in body

81
Q

Sagittal plain

A

Cutting between eyes, left and right parts

82
Q

Coronal

A

Also front plane
Cut between the ears, front and back

83
Q

Transverse plane

A

Cuts the body into superior and inferior parts

84
Q

Tissue

A

Group of related cells organized for a common purpose

85
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

86
Q

Color in stains

A

Pink = proteins
Purple = Nuclei

87
Q

Types of tissues

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

88
Q

Epithelium characteristics

A

Avascular and no extracellular matrix

89
Q

Anatomy of epithelial tissue

A

Cells anchored to a basement membrane with apical and basal surfaces

90
Q

Epithelium location

A

Forms glandular tissue, lines lumen of tubular organs and body cavities and externally covers the body and organs

91
Q

Basement membrane

A

Anchors epithelium to the underlying CT where the capillaries reside

92
Q

How to classify epithelial tissue

A

Number of cell layers: Simple vs stratified
Cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Cell specialization: cilia or microvili

93
Q

Cilia

A

Apical surface of anchored cells and moves liquid over the surface of the cell

94
Q

Microvili

A

Apical surface of anchored cells, increases surface area for absorption

95
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

One layer of flat cells

96
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

Alveoli, nephron, endothelium/capillaries, mesothelium lining parietal and visceral serous membranes

97
Q

Simple squamous epithelium function

A

Diffusion, filtration, lubrication

98
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

One layer of cubed cells with centrally located circular nucleus

99
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

Absorption and secretion

100
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Renal tubules in nephron, glands, airways, uterus/uterine tubes

101
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

One layer of tall thin cells with oval nucleus towards basal

102
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

Mucosal layer of GI tract, glands, airways, uterus/uterine tube

103
Q

Simple columnar epithelium function

A

Absorption and secretion

104
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multiple layers of flat cells

105
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium location

A

Epidermis (keratinized), esophagus and vagina (non-keratinized)

106
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium function

A

Protects underlying tissue from abrasion

107
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Multiple layers of dome shaped cells

108
Q

Transitional epithelium location

109
Q

Transitional epithelium function

A

Permits stretch in urinary system

110
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of differing heights all attached to the basement membrane

111
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium location

A

Also known as respiratory epithelium, trachea and proximal bronchial tree

112
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function

A

Secretion (mainly mucous), propulsion of mucous by cilia

113
Q

Connective tissue structure

A

Small number of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix, contains fibers and ground substance

114
Q

Connective tissue embryonic origin

A

Mesenchyme

115
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

116
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Consists of loose and dense connective tissues based upon fiber concentration

117
Q

Cells of the connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Mast cells

118
Q

Fibroblast

A

Primary CT cell and synthesizes ECM fibers (collage/elastin) and ground substance

119
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cells that store lipid in single droplet

120
Q

Macrophage

A

Derived from monocyte, phagocytize and destroy microorganisms and damaged tissue
Inflammation, repair, and immune reactions

121
Q

Mast cell

A

Abundant in CT that underlies barrier epithelium, detects foreign substances and initiates local inflammation

122
Q

Extracellular matrix of CTP

A

Ground substance and fibers

123
Q

Ground substance

A

Amorphous material that fills the space between the cells
* Consists of interstitial fluid, fibers, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.
* Holds fluid and functions as sieve through which H2O and solutes diffuse between
capillaries and cells.

124
Q

Fibers of the CTP

A

Collagen and elastin

125
Q

Function of CTP fibers

A

Provide support

126
Q

Collagen

A

Part of the CTP
Tough, structural protein that provides tensile strength
Most abundant protein in the body

127
Q

Elastin

A

Part of the CTP
Fiber that allows stretch and recoil in tissues
Snap the collagen fibers back into place after stretching

128
Q

Types of CTP

A

Loose CT
Dense irregular CT
Dense regular
Adipose tissue

129
Q

Loose CT

A

Deep to all basement membranes

130
Q

Dense irregular CT function and location

A

Strong in all directions (dermis and submucosa of tubular organs)

131
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Strong in one direction (tendon)

132
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Stores energy, padding, insulation (hypodermis, around organs)

133
Q

Cartilage function

A

Possesses qualities from CT proper and bone
Flexible, tough, resists tension, twisting, and compressive force

134
Q

Cartilage cell

A

Chondrocytes that are surrounded by an ECM
They reside in lacunae embedded in ECM

135
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

136
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant, located in articular cartilage (synovial joints), ribs, nose, etc…

137
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Possesses high concentration of collagen
Located in IV discs, pubic symphysis, menisci

138
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Least abundant, located in ear and epiglottis

139
Q

Bone

A

Composed of hard osseous tissue that supports and protects softer tissue
Attachments for tendons and ligaments
Cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells

140
Q

Cells of the bone

A

Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

141
Q

Osteoblast

A

Secretes bone matrix and builds new bone

142
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature osteoblasts that reside in lacunae and monitor and maintain ECM

143
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Secrete enzymes that catalyze breakdown of bone matrix

144
Q

ECM of bone

A

Consists of calcium and phosphate with collagen

145
Q

Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue with cells that are surrounded by ECM

146
Q

Cells of blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

147
Q

RBC

A

Transports O2

148
Q

White blood cell

A

Immune defense

149
Q

Platelets

A

Clots blood

150
Q

Extracellular matrix of bood

151
Q

Muscle tissue structure

A

Long, thin muscle cells called myofibers of myocytes

152
Q

Myocytes

A

Cell of muscle tissue
Striated or smooth depending on presence or absense of repeating arrangements of contractile proteins called myosin and actin

153
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

154
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary muscle with fibers that are long, striated, and multinucleated

155
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

Endomysium
Fascicles
Perimysium
Epimysium

156
Q

Endomysium

A

Muscle fibers wrapped in this CT

157
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers that are wrapped in perimysium

158
Q

Perimysium

A

Wraps around bundles of muscle fibers

159
Q

Epimysium

A

Wraps around all the fascicles and makes up the muscle

160
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated muscle fibers located in myocardium of the heart
Contains intercalated discs that like cells together

161
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle fibers with no striations located within walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

162
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Propels substances within these organs by alternately contracting and relaxing and controls BP

163
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Comprised of neurons, and neuroglia

164
Q

Neurons

A

Send and receive messages and separated by synapses, communicate with NT

165
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

166
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Respond to stimuli (touch, sound) and sends signals to CNS

167
Q

Motor neuron

A

Sends impulses away from the CNS to control muscle and glands

168
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect neurons to other neurons within the same region of the CNS

169
Q

Structure of a neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Synapses

170
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non neuronal cells in the CNS and PNS that provide physical and metabolic support to neurons

171
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin surrounding neuronal axons in the CNS

172
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produces myelin surrounding neuronal axons in the PNS

173
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped glial cells that regulate transmission of electrical impulses in neurons and support BBB

174
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Lines ventricular system of the brain

175
Q

Microglia

A

Immune cells that serve as macrophages of the CNS

178
Q
A

Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

179
Q
A

Simple cuboidal

180
Q
A

Transitional epithelium

181
Q
A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

187
Q
A

Skeletal muscle

Anatomy Terms (5 decks)

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