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bio 150 test 3 > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.
-decreased size of the heart muscle
-increased work of the left ventricle
-increased incidence of coronary artery disease
-increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

A

decreased size of the heart muscle

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2
Q

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.
left upper arm
myocardium of the heart
left side of the head and neck
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

A

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

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3
Q

Aldosterone will ________.
-promote an increase in blood pressure
-promote a decrease in blood volume
-decrease sodium reabsorption
-result in a larger output of urine

A

promote an increase in blood pressure

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4
Q

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
increasing stroke volume
falling blood volume
rising blood volume
increasing heart rate
all of these

A

falling blood volume

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5
Q

Blood flow to the skin ________.
increases when environmental temperature rises
increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze
is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

A

increases when environmental temperature rises

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6
Q

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.
causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level
is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

A

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

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7
Q

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
skin temperature
ADH
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
the hypothalamic “thermostat”

A

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

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8
Q

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.
urinary output
pressure changes in the thorax
venous valves
activity of skeletal muscles

A

urinary output

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9
Q

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa
tunica adventitia

A

tunica intima

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10
Q

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?
yes
no
not necessarily

A

not necessarily

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11
Q

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________.
generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries
and osmotic pressure are the same
is the same as capillary blood pressure
is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure

A

is the same as capillary blood pressure

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12
Q

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.
-renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction
-the dural sinus reflex
-chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide
-nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers

A

the dural sinus reflex

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13
Q

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.
anastomoses
fenestrations
sinusoids
thoroughfare channels

A

sinusoids

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14
Q

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
120/80
130/80
150/90
90/55

A

90/55

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15
Q

Peripheral resistance ________.
is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
increases as blood viscosity increases
increases as blood vessel diameter increases
decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel

A

increases as blood viscosity increases

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16
Q

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.
veins
arterioles
arteries
capillaries

A

capillaries

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17
Q

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
stress
arteriosclerosis
smoking
obesity

A

arteriosclerosis

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18
Q

Select the correct statement about blood flow.
It is measured in mm Hg.
It is greatest where resistance is highest.
It is relatively constant through all body organs.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

A

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

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19
Q

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.
An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.

A

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

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20
Q

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.
muscular arteries
elastic arteries
capillaries
arterioles

A

muscular arteries

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21
Q

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.
venules
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

A

arterioles

22
Q

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
always fatal
the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis

A

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

23
Q

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
the only factor that influences resistance
significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter
insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

A

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

24
Q

The most common type of blood capillary is the ________.
continuous capillary
distributing capillary
fenestrated capillary
sinusoidal capillary

A

continuous capillary

25
Q

The pulse pressure is ________.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)
systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure

A

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

26
Q

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
chemoreceptors
altering blood volume
reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers

A

altering blood volume

27
Q

The term ductus venosus refers to ________.
damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins
a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity
a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

A

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

28
Q

The velocity of blood flow is ________.
slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter

A

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

29
Q

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis
fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres

A

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

30
Q

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
kidney
liver
heart
lungs

A

lungs

31
Q

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them.
Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle
Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

A

Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

32
Q

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
blood clotting
gas exchange in the lungs
absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract

A

blood clotting

33
Q

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

A

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

34
Q

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
plasma and formed element concentration
hydrostatic pressure only
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
blood volume and viscosity

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

35
Q

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
right atrium, aorta, and left ventricle
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle

A

right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

36
Q

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
110/60 in a 20-year-old woman
120/80 in a 30-year-old man
140/90 in a 70-year-old woman

A

170/96 in a 50-year-old man

37
Q

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
angiotensin II
atrial natriuretic peptide
ADH
nitric acid

A

nitric acid

38
Q

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
the vessel selected to palpate
postural changes
emotions
activity

A

the vessel selected to palpate

39
Q

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant
cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

A

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

40
Q

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Blood flow to the kidneys increases.
Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.
The skin will be cold and clammy.
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

A

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

41
Q

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
blood viscosity
blood vessel diameter
blood vessels type
total blood vessel length

A

blood vessel diameter

42
Q

Which of the following is true about veins?
Venous valves are formed from the tunica media.
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall.

A

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

43
Q

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
peripheral resistance
blood volume
emotional state
cardiac output

A

emotional state

44
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.
Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.
Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood.
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

A

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

45
Q

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
baroreceptor-initiated reflexes
neural controls
renal regulation
chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes

A

renal regulation

46
Q

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
rapid, thready pulse
increased heart rate
rapidly falling blood pressure
cold, clammy skin

A

rapidly falling blood pressure

47
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?
It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together.
It branches off of the inferior vena cava.
It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing.
Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins.

A

It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

48
Q

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?
an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide
a local increase in pH
a local increase in histamine
a decrease in local tissue oxygen content

A

a local increase in pH

49
Q

Which statement best describes arteries?
All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
All carry blood away from the heart.
Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

All carry blood away from the heart.

50
Q

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
tunica adventitia
tunica intima
tunica externa
tunica media

A

tunica media

bio 150 test 3 (6 decks)

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