exam 3 review Flashcards
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ________ and a(n) ________ in arterial blood pressure.
vasodilation; decrease
vasoconstriction; decrease
vasoconstriction; increase
vasoconstriction; oscillation
vasodilation; increase
vasodilation; decrease
A deficiency of ________ can cause pernicious anemia.
iron
vitamin C
folic acid
vitamin B12
EPO secretion
vitamin B12
A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 107 mmMg
Diastolic = 110 mmHg, Systolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 90 mmMg
Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg
A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type ________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type ________.
AB; O
A; B
O; O
O; AB
B; A
AB; O
Alternative routes of blood supply are called ________.
preferred channels
capillary beds
anastomoses
thoroughfare channels
metarterioles
anastomoses
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?
To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs
To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest
To aid in defecation and urination
To ventilate the lungs during eupnea
To aid in defecation and urination
An extended period of time between the P wave and the QRS complex may indicate which of the following?
The signal is traveling too quickly to the AV node.
The atria are not contracting.
The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.
Ventricular contraction is faster than usual.
Ventricular contraction is taking longer than usual.
The signal is taking too long to get to the AV node.
An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except ________.
increased hematocrit
increased hypoxemia
increased blood osmolarity
increased RBC production
increased blood viscosity
increased hypoxemia
Arteries are sometimes called the ________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue structure.
resistance
compliance
hydrodynamic
fenestrated
capacitance
resistance
Atrial depolarization causes the ________.
first heart sound
P wave
T wave
QRS complex
quiescent period
P wave
Atrial systole begins ________.
immediately after the T wave
during the Q wave
immediately before the P wave
immediately after the P wave
during the S-T segment
immediately after the P wave
Blood flow through a capillary bed is regulated by precapillary sphincters.
True
False
true
Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma.
True
False
false
Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by ________.
a self-amplifying mechanism
a positive feedback loop
a cascade effect
an enzymatic amplification
a negative feedback loop
a negative feedback loop
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?
The Bohr effect
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
Reduced oxyhemoglobin
Increased H+ level in the blood
Reduced blood pH
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
During isovolumetric contraction, the pressure in the ventricles ________.
remains constant
falls and then rises
rises and then falls
rises rapidly
falls rapidly
rises rapidly
Endurance athletes commonly have a resting heart rate as low as 40 bpm, and a stroke volume as low as 50 mL/beat.
True
False
false
Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood.
True
False
false
How is the vital capacity calculated?
Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart?
2
8
0
1
4
0
Hypercapnia and acidosis have positive chronotropic effects.
True
False
true
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than ________.
130/60
120/75
180/90
140/90
200/90
140/90
In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?
Contraction of the diaphragm
Quantity of surfactant
Atmospheric pressure
Bronchiole diameter
Respiratory rate
Bronchiole diameter
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?
A ruptured aneurysm in a vein
An aneurysm or weak point in an artery
An aneurysm or weak point in a vein
Failure of the lymphatic valves
Failure of the venous valves
Failure of the venous valves
In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Water vapor
Nitrogen
nitrogen
In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Rhinitis
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Dyspnea
Tuberculosis
Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory.
True
False
true
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) generates a murmur associated with the ________ heart sound that occurs when the ________.
lubb (S1); ventricles relax
dupp (S2); atria relax
lubb (S1); ventricles contract
dupp (S2); ventricles relax
lubb (S1); atria contract
lubb (S1); ventricles contract
Mitral valve prolapse causes blood to leak back into the ________ when the ventricles contract.
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary trunk
right atrium
left atrium
aorta
left atrium
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ________ of the respiratory tract.
ciliated cells
great alveolar cells
squamous alveolar cells
the pleurae
goblet cells
goblet cells
Obstruction of the ________ will cause a more severe myocardial infarction (MI) than the obstruction of any of the others.
left coronary artery (LCA)
circumflex branch
left marginal vein
anterior interventricular branch
posterior interventricular vein
left coronary artery (LCA)
Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.
True
False
false
Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of ________.
albumin
nitrogenous wastes
fibrinogen
platelets
glucose
fibrinogen
The ABO blood group is determined by ________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs.
glycolipids
agglutinins
antigen-antibody complexes
glycoproteins
antibodies
glycolipids
The ________ are the superior chambers of the heart and the ________ are the inferior chambers of the heart.
ventricles; atria
visceral percardia; parietal pericardia
atria; ventricles
left ventricles; right ventricles
left atria; right atria
atria; ventricles
The ________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat.
sinoatrial (SA) node
autonomic nervous system
atrioventricular (AV) node
cardiac conduction system
sympathetic division of the nervous system
sinoatrial (SA) node
The ________ provides most of the Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction.
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
sarcoplasmic reticulum
extracellular fluid
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the ________.
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
vital capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
inspiratory capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ________ than in any other form.
carboxyhemoglobin
dissolved CO2 gas
bisphosphocarbonate
carbaminohemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
bicarbonate ions
The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the ________ of the ventricles.
trabeculae carnae
interventricular septum
interatrial septum
papillary muscles
pectinate muscles
papillary muscles
The liver stores excess iron in ferritin.
True
False
true
The long absolute refractory period of cardiomyocytes ________.
prevents tetanus
prevents the occurrence of ectopic focuses
makes the heart prone to arrhythmias
causes the pacemaker potential
ensures a short twitch
prevents tetanus
The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.
True
False
false
The most important components in the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.
True
False
true
The number of ________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections.
monocytes
basophils
eosinophils
erythrocytes
neutrophils
neutrophils
The pacemaker potential is a result of ________.
Na+ inflow
K+ inflow
K+ outflow
Na+ outflow
Ca2+ inflow
Na+ inflow
The pulmonary circuit is supplied by both the right and the left sides of the heart.
True
False
false
The shallow depression seen on the external surface of the heart between the left and right ventricles is called the ________.
coronary sinus
left atrium
coronary sulcus
interventricular septum
interventricular sulcus
interventricular sulcus
The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type ________.
O, Rh-negative
O, Rh-positive
ABO, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-negative
AB, Rh-positive
O, Rh-negative
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ________.
dorsal respiratory group
medulla oblongata
ventral respiratory group
pons
pontine respiratory group
medulla oblongata
The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute is called the ________.
stroke volume
cardiac output
cardiac reserve
preload
afterload
cardiac output
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom’s life?
There is reserve oxygen in Tom’s lungs.
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.
The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.
The ambient PO2 can support life that long.
Tom’s hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom’s blood.
Vasomotion can raise or lower blood pressure throughout the body.
True
False
true
Ventricular pressure increases the fastest during ventricular filling.
True
False
false
What are the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart?
Arteries
Capillaries
Arterioles
Veins
veins
What are the most abundant agranulocytes?
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
Platelets
Basophils
Erythrocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What causes reactive hyperemia to increase tissue perfusion?
Local controls
Urinary controls
Hormonal controls
Respiratory controls
Neural controls
Local controls
What does the medullary ischemic reflex result in?
Ischemia of the medulla oblongata
Reduced circulation to the brain
Increased circulation to the adrenal medulla
Increased circulation to the brain
Hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla when perfusion drops
Increased circulation to the brain
What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
Basophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
What is the most abundant protein in plasma?
Insulin
Creatinine
Albumin
Creatine
Bilirubin
Albumin
What type of shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability?
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Cardiogenic
Septic
Compensated
Septic
When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by ________.
plasmin
thromboplastin
platelet-derived growth factor
prothrombin
kallikrein
plasmin
When the left ventricle contracts, the ________ valve closes and the ________ valve is pushed open.
right AV; pulmonary
aortic; pulmonary
right AV; aortic
mitral; aortic
mitral; pulmonary
mitral; aortic
Where do most RBCs die?
Stomach and liver
Lymph nodes and thymus
Stomach and small intestine
Red bone marrow
Spleen and liver
Spleen and liver
Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?
Heart
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
Pulmonary circuit
veins
Where is the vasomotor center located?
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?
-Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → Subendothelial conducting network → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → cardiomyocyte in LV
-Atrioventricular (AV) node → subendothelial conducting network → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → sinoatrial (SA) node → cardiomyocyte in LV
-Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → atrioventricular (AV) node → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
-Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
-Atrioventricular (AV) node → sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → Subendothelial conducting network → cardiomyocyte in LV
Which is the correct sequence of events of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection
Ventricular filling → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction → isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric relaxation → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling → isovolumetric contraction → ventricular ejection → isovolumetric relaxation
Which of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?
Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
Norepinephrine and natriuretic peptides
Epinephrine and aldosterone
Norepinephrine and angiotensin II
Which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood?
Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries
Aorta and vena cavae
Pulmonary veins and vena cavae
Pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries
Aorta and pulmonary veins
Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries
Which of the following decreases blood pressure?
Natriuretic peptides
Norepinephrine
Angiotensin II
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Natriuretic peptides
Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?
Trachea
Nasal cavity
Primary bronchus
Larygopharynx
Terminal bronchiole
Larygopharynx
Which of the following does not lead to edema?
Famine
Hypertension
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
Hyperproteinemia
Liver disease
Hyperproteinemia
Which of the following does not move substances across capillary walls?
Filtration
Diffusion
Reabsorption
Transcytosis
Group transport
Group transport
Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?
Carbonic anhydrase
Bisphosphoglycerase
Carbaminoreductase
Hemoglobinase
Carboxyhemoglobinase
Carbonic anhydrase
Which of the following is associated with vasomotion?
Collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media
Elastic tissue in the tunica externa
Smooth muscle in the tunica media
Fenestrations in the tunica externa
Endothelium in the tunica interna
Smooth muscle in the tunica media
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?
Pulmonary hemosiderosis
Cor pulmonale
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung
Emphysema
Emphysema
Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart?
Visceral pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Parietal pericardium
Endocardium
Parietal pericardium
Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?
Hypoxia
Anoxia
Cyanosis
Eupnea
Apoxia
hypoxia
Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion?
Pulmonary impedance
Pulmonary compliance
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary surfactant
Pulmonary compliance
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
Transports a variety of nutrients
Participates in the initiation of blood clotting
Helps to regulate body temperature
Helps to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids
Produces plasma hormones
Produces plasma hormones
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Control of pH
Helps regulate blood pressure
Aids in defecation
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Which of the following is not a possible circulatory route from the heart?
Heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → veins → heart
Heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart
Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → veins → heart
Heart → arteries → capillary bed → veins → heart
Heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?
Platelets
Erythrocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Erythrocytes
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
Fibrinogen
Urea
Glucose
Albumin
Glycogen
Glycogen
Which of the following would decrease capillary filtration?
Increased capillary permeability
Increased permeability of lymphatic capillaries
Dietary protein deficiency
Obstructed venous return
Dehydration
Dehydration
Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?
Increased afterload
Increased blood pressure
Increased viscosity
Increased vessel radius
Decreased vasomotion
Increased viscosity
Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?
Atelectasis
Asthma
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Sickle-cell disease
Emphysema
Sickle-cell disease
Which of the following would not decrease the blood colloid osmotic pressure (COP)?
Starvation
Severe liver failure
An extremely low-protein diet
A diet predominantly based on red meat
Hypoproteinemia
A diet predominantly based on red meat
Which of the following belong to the pulmonary circuit?
Aorta and pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
Aorta and venae cavae
Pulmonary arteries and venae cavae
Venae cavae and pulmonary veins
Pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
Which of the following blood vessels receives blood directly from the right ventricle?
Superior vena cava
Right pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava
Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary trunk
Which of these does not prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot?
The presence of tissue thromboplastin
The presence of antithrombin in plasma
The presence of heparin in plasma
The smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of blood vessels
The dilution of thrombin when blood flows at a normal rate
The presence of tissue thromboplastin
Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?
Acute bronchitis
Asthma
Acute rhinitis
Apnea
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Acute rhinitis
Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?
Laryngeal and corniculate
Corniculate and cricoid
Vestibular and vocal
Cricoid and arytenoid
Thyrohyoid and cricoids
Vestibular and vocal
Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?
Small arteries
Capillaries
Large arteries
Large veins
Small veins
Large arteries
While out hiking, a friend of yours falls and suffers a trauma. You notice they start to go into shock. What do you do to help?
Encourage them to sit up
Lie them down and elevate their head
Lie them down and elevate their legs
Hold them upright in a standing position
Lie them down and elevate their legs
Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-O antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-B antibodies.
anti d
Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age?
Our veins get ‘hard’ and absorb less diastolic force
Our arteries get ‘hard’ and absorb less systolic force
Our veins get ‘hard’ and absorb less systolic force
Our arteries get ‘hard’ and absorb less diastolic force
Our arteries get ‘hard’ and absorb less systolic force
Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is ________ mL/min.
2,400
4,200
3,600
5,600
6,400
4,200
