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291 ANAT > HEART > Flashcards

HEART Flashcards

1
Q

SURFACES

A

anterior, posterior, inferior, apex

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2
Q

Anterior Surface

A

made by R Atrium, R Vent, L Vent, ant. I/V groove

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3
Q

Posterior Surface

A

made mostly by L Atrium

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4
Q

Posterior Surface

A

made mostly by L Atrium

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5
Q

Inferior Surface

A

made mostly by L Vent
- others are post I/V groove, (R atrium + vent)

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6
Q

Apex surface

A

made by L Vent

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7
Q

BORDERS

A

Right (lateral), Left (lateral), inferior, superior

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8
Q

Right (lateral) border

A

made by R Atrium

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9
Q

Right (lateral) border is found in area between…

A

SVC + IVC; 3rd to 6th ribs

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10
Q

Left (lateral) border

A

made by L Vent (+L atrium)

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11
Q

Left (lateral) border is found

A

5th rib (apex) to 2nd rib

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12
Q

Inferior border

A

made by R Vent

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13
Q

Inferior boarder is found

A

along 5th I/C space

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14
Q

Superior boarder is found

A

2nd rib

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15
Q

Superior border

A

made by roots of Aorta/Pulmonary Artery/SVC

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16
Q

Coronary Sulus

A

groove between the atria (superiorly) and ventricles (inferiorly)
-runs completely around the heart

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17
Q

Anterior Interventricular Groove

A

on anterior surface of heart, shallow groove between R and L ventricles

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18
Q

Anterior Interventricular Groove contains…

A

Anterior Interventricular Artery

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19
Q

Posterior Interventricular Groove

A

on posterior surface of heart, shallow groove between R and L ventricles

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20
Q

Posterior Interventricular Groove contains…

A

Posterior Interventricular Artery

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21
Q

major vein draining blood from all structures below the diaphragm into the R atrium

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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22
Q

major vein draining blood from head and upper limbs to R atrium

A

Superior Vena Cava

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23
Q

Major vessels on right superior aspect of heart

A

IVC + SVC

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24
Q

major artery delivering blood to all regions of body

A

Aorta

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25
Q

curved portion of aorta arching from anterior to posterior

A

Aortic arch

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26
Q

Part of artery that is short and immediately off of heart

A

Ascending Aorta

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27
Q

Part of aorta running posteriorly through thoracic cage along the vertebral column to diaphragm

A

Descending Aorta

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28
Q

Pulmonary Artery (trunk)

A

adjacent to L of aorta, splits into R and L pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta

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29
Q

Pulmonary Artery splits into…

A

R and L pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta

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30
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

usually 4 on posterior surface of heart
- 2 opening on R side of L atrium
- 2 openings on L side of L atrium
may be variations

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31
Q

“1st part of heart”, takes deoxygenated blood from body and moves to R vent

A

Right atrium

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32
Q

Right atrium

A

“1st part of heart”, takes deoxygenated blood from body and moves to R vent

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33
Q

“ear-shaped” appendage on R atrium, located on anterior-superior aspect of the R atrium
- also one on L atrium

A

Auricle

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34
Q

Where is IVC opening found?

A

on R atrium at inferior aspect of chamber

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35
Q

Where is SVC opening found?

A

on R atrium at superior aspect of chamber

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36
Q

Where is opening of Coronary Sinus found?

A

on R atrium, on inferior aspect of chamber near opening of IVC

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37
Q

Where is the SA Node found?

A

on R atrium anteriorly, at border between SVC and R atrium

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38
Q

Where is AV Node found?

A

on R atrium in interatrial septum near the atrioventricular orifice

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39
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

contractile muscles on internal surface of L and R atrium

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40
Q

Contractile muscles of atriums

A

pectinate muscles

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41
Q

Fossa Ovalis

A

on R atrium depression in center of interatrial septum (varies in size) - between L and R atrium

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42
Q

Tricuspid Valve Leaflets

A

3 leaflets, separating R atrium from R ventricle

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43
Q

multiple thin CT cords attaching leaflets to papillary muscles

A

Chordae Tendinae

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44
Q

Where are chordal tendinae found?

A

in L and R ventricles

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45
Q

Where are papillary muscles found?

A

in L (2) and R (3) ventricles

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46
Q

Role of papillary muscles

A

Contract to pull chordae tendinae, keeping valve leaflets from prolapsing (flipping backwards) into R atrium when ventricle contracts
- Prevents blood from regurgitating into R atrium

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47
Q

What prevents blood from regurgitating into atrium?

A

Papillary Muscles

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48
Q

contractile muscle of ventricle

A

Trabecular muscle

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49
Q

smooth funnel-shaped region of the R ventricle leading to pulmonary valve

A

Conus Arteriosus

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50
Q

Where is the Moderator Band found?

A

R ventricle

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51
Q

Moderator Band

A

small band of specialized muscle tissue in inferior aspect of R ventricular chamber

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52
Q

Moderator band runs…

A

from interventricular septum to inferior-lateral border of R ventricle

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53
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

3 leaflet valve separating R ventricle from pulmonary artery

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54
Q

Does R or L ventricle have a thicker wall?

A

L

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55
Q

Mitral Valve

A

2 leaflets, separating L atrium from L ventricle

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56
Q

Are papillary muscles larger in L or R ventricle?

A

L

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57
Q

very short (~1-2cm) vessel, immediately off ascending aorta

A

Left Coronary Artery

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58
Q

vessel off L coronary artery, running in the anterior interventricular groove

A

Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD – Left Anterior Descending)

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59
Q

Where does the Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD) run?

A

in anterior inter ventricular groove

60
Q

vessel off L coronary artery, running in coronary sulcus to L, wrapping around posterior of heart

A

Circumflex Artery

61
Q

vessel off circumflex artery, runs along left border of heart

A

Left Marginal Artery

62
Q

vessel immediately off ascending aorta, runs in coronary sulcus to R, wrapping around posterior of heart

A

Right Coronary Artery

63
Q

vessel that comes off R coronary, ~1-2cm from aorta, runs between aorta/auricle of R atrium as travels to area S-A node

A

Sino-Atrial Nodal Artery

64
Q

vessel off R coronary artery, branches off at inferior border of heart, runs along inferior border

A

Right Marginal Artery

65
Q

vessel off R coronary in most people, runs in posterior interventricular groove on posterior surface of heart

A

Posterior Interventricular Artery

66
Q

major vein that drains all venous blood of heart back to R atrium

A

Coronary Sinus

67
Q

Location of coronary Sinus

A

in coronary sulcus starting on L side of heart

68
Q

takes deoxygenated blood from lower limbs to send up to R atrium

A

R atrium - Opening from IVC

69
Q

ant and to L of IVC opening, deoxygenated blood from draining back to R atrium

A

R atrium - Opening of coronary sinus

70
Q

ln inter-atrial septum, shunt that is closed off at birth

A

R atrium - Fossa Ovalis

71
Q

In Right atrium and contains Tricuspid Valve

A

R Atrioventricular Orifice

72
Q

superior to coronary sinus opening adjacent to A-V orifice, part of electrical conduction system

A

A-V Node

73
Q

at junction of SVC with R Atrium (anterolaterally), where electrical conduction system begins - “pacemaker”

A

R atrium - S-A Node

74
Q

“Pacemaker of heart”

A

SA Node

75
Q

Where does electrical conduction system of heart begin?

A

SA Node

76
Q

smooth muscles of heart with irregular appearance that create “squeezing” action of heart

A

Pectinate Muscles

77
Q

Function of auricle

A

increases volume capacity of atrium and has some contractile properties

78
Q

wavy (irregular shape) for squeezing function of heart, on inner aspect of ventricle

A

Trabecular Muscle

79
Q

attach leaflet to papillary muscle

A

Chordae Tendinae

80
Q

How many valve leaflets are there on the R side?

A

3

81
Q

How many valve leaflets are there on the L side?

A

2

82
Q

smooth, funnel-shaped region leading to pulmonary artery, funnels blood towards lungs to be oxygenated

A

Infundibulum (conus arteriosus)

83
Q

What allows coordinated contraction of ventricular wall and papillary muscles?

A

Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)

84
Q

How many pulmonary vein openings are there?

A

4

85
Q

What brings blood from lungs back into L atrium?

A

Pulmonary Vein Openings on L atrium

86
Q

opening to L vent, contains Mitral (Bicuspid Valve)

A

Left Atrioventricular Orifice

87
Q

Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker?

A

increased pressure (resistance to flow)

88
Q

Why are papillary muscles larger on left ventricle?

A

larger to withstand larger contractile forces (L vent has to pump against greater resistance)

89
Q

Where does the mitral valve sit?

A

lateral to (or L of) Aortic Valve

90
Q

L and R Coronary Arteries arise from…

A

base of aorta (aortic valve)

91
Q

Where does aortic blood supply start?

A

at base of aortic valves

92
Q

Where do L and R Coronary Arteries travel?

A

in coronary groove

93
Q

Coronary Groove

A

groove between atria and ventricles

94
Q

SHORT segment, ~2cm long, comes off base of aorta, splits immediately into anterior interventricular + circumflex

A

Left (main) Coronary Artery

95
Q

Anterior Interventricular Artery (Left Anterior Descending) travels along

A

I/V groove to apex

96
Q

Anterior Interventricular Artery supplies…

A

portion of R and L vents + anterior 2/3 of I/V wall containing L and R Bundle Branches

97
Q

Anterior Interventricular Artery anatomoses with..

A

posterior I/V artery

98
Q

Circumflex artery runs along…

A

coronary groove to posterior heart

99
Q

Circumflex artery supplies…

A

L atrium and ventricle

100
Q

Circumflex artery anastomoses with….

A

right coronary artery

101
Q

Left Marginal Artery branches off… and runs…

A

branches off circumflex and runs along L border of heart

102
Q

Left Marginal Artery supplies

A

L ventricle along L border of heart

103
Q

very LONG, starts at base of aorta and goes in atrioventricular groove traveling around to posterior side of heart

A

Right Coronary Artery

104
Q

Right Marginal Artery branches off… and runs…

A

branches from R coronary artery, travels along inferior border of heart towards apex

105
Q

Right Marginal Artery supplies

A

R ventricle + part of apex – supplies R inferior border of heart

106
Q

“Right Dominant Circulation”

A

Posterior Interventricular artery branches off R coronary artery

107
Q

“Left Dominant Circulation”

A

Posterior Interventricular artery branches off circumflex artery

108
Q

Dominance of circulation is determined by

A

where posterior interventricular artery comes off of

109
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery travels along…

A

posterior I/V groove to apex

110
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery supplies

A

portions of R and L vents + post 1/3 of I/V wall + AV Node

111
Q

Posterior Interventricular Artery anastomoses with

A

anterior I/V artery

112
Q

S-A Nodal Artery comes off of…

A

R coronary near its origin to supply S-A Node
- can come off of L coronary artery in 40% of people

113
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

septum between R and L ventricle

114
Q

Arterial supply of Interventricular Septum

A
  • 2/3 of interventricular septum is supplied through the ANTERIOR interventricular artery
  • 1/3 is supplied through POSTERIOR interventricular artery
115
Q

Arterial supply of AV Node vs rest of conduction system

A
  • Supplied primarily through POSTERIOR interventricular artery
  • But rest of “conduction system” is supplied through ANTERIOR interventricular artery
116
Q

Opens/drains into R atrium just anterior and to L of IVC opening, all other veins drain into this sinus

A

Coronary sinus

117
Q

“Pacemaker” of heart - sets rhythm of heart

A

Sino-Atrial (S-A) Node

118
Q

Function and type of muscle cells of SA Node

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously depolarize - creates rhythm/rate

119
Q

creates rhythm/rate

A

SA Node

120
Q

Where is AV Node found?

A

ln atrial septum near coronary sinus opening near A-V Orifice

121
Q

has automaticity, but typically slower than SA node

A

AV Node

122
Q

Where is the AV Bundle located?

A

in membranous portion of I/V Septum

123
Q

R and L bundles branches travel…

A

travel down muscular septum and through moderator band in R vent

124
Q

modified cardiac muscle cells that distribute impulses through/out ventricular walls to pulmonary artery or aorta

A

Purkinje Fibers

125
Q

Function of Purkinje Fibers

A

distribute impulses through/out ventricular walls to pulmonary artery or aorta

126
Q

Steps of Conduction System Flow

A
  1. SA Node
  2. AV Node
  3. AV Bundle
  4. R and L Bundle Branches
  5. Purkinje Fibers
127
Q

Nervous system innervating heart

A

autonomic - unconscious/involuntary control

128
Q

How do nerve get to heart?

A

Cardiac Plexus

129
Q

Location of Cardiac Plexus

A

immediately anterior to trachea

130
Q

Components of Cardiac Plexus

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

131
Q

When the sympathetic nervous system of heart is activated it results in

A

increased HR, increased contractility, vasodilation of coronary aa (increase blood supply)

132
Q

Where do Sympathetic nerve fibers of heart come from?

A

sympathetic chain that runs along vertebral column

133
Q

Sympathetic Pre-ganglionic fibers come from what area of the vertebral column?

A

T1-T6

134
Q

Sympathetic Post-ganglionic fibers come from..

A

superior cervical ganglia and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

135
Q

Sympathetic Post-ganglionic fibers innervate:

A

S-A, A-V nodes, cardiac muscle fibers, and coronary vessels

136
Q

When parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve) of heart is activated it results in

A

decreased HR, contractility, vasoconstriction of coronaries

137
Q

Vagus nerve arises from … and travels… to get to heart

A

brainstem and travels through neck/thoracic inlet to get to heart

138
Q

Parasympathetic Pre-ganglionic fibers arise from…

A

vagus nerve (travels within)

139
Q

Parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibers are found on…

A

heart tissue

140
Q

Sensory innervation for the heart is carried by what fibers? to where?

A

carried by sympathetic fibers T1-T4 (mainly on L) from heart to spinal cord and ultimately the brain

141
Q

Sensory innervation of heart sends what kind of information to brain?

A

info about oxygen levels and metabolic byproducts (like lactic acid)– no conscious awareness, but brain constantly processing this info to regulate the heart

142
Q

Referred Pain

A

vague painful stimulus (noxious stimuli – decrease in oxygen/accumulation metabolic byproducts) felt in structures with somatic sensory innervation in the T1-T4

143
Q

Fools into thinking there’s somatic pain even though there is not

A

Referred Pain

144
Q

Where does Referred pain occur?

A

T1-T4 region = part of chest, shoulder, and lower part of neck

145
Q

What clinical correlate is associated with referred pain?

A

heart attack

291 ANAT (8 decks)

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