GENERAL BONE STRUCTURE/RIB CAGE/VERTEBRAL COLUMN Flashcards
1
Q
Tissues making up bones
A
- Osteocytes
- Cartilages
- Fibrous CT
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
2
Q
Bone derives its compressional strength from
A
Hydroxyapatite
3
Q
T/F: Bone matrix is continuously turning over
A
T
4
Q
T/F: Bone is highly vascularized
A
T
5
Q
Most sensitive part of a bone
- Why?
A
periosteum - higher vascularized and innervated
6
Q
Periosteum
- What is the exception?
A
CT layer covering all bones
- except where bony areas are covered by articular cartilage or bony areas of ligament tendon attachment
7
Q
Periosteum function
A
Provides underlying bone with nutrients
8
Q
Compact/Cortical/Dense Bone
A
outer dense layer that’s thick and highly vascularized
9
Q
Compact/Cortical/Dense Bone function
A
provides great Stregnth and density
10
Q
Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular Bone
A
- layer of spongy bone in center consisting of network of trabeculae arranged to resist external forces
11
Q
Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular Bone function
A
Thin sheets in medulla containing small filaments of bone material for structural support with minimal weight
12
Q
Medullary Cavity
A
cavity in long bones that’s continuous with interstices of cancellous bone filled with red (hematopoietic) or yellow (fatty) marrow
13
Q
Endosteum
A
single-cellular osteogenic layer that lines marrow cavity
14
Q
Components of Axial Skeleton
A
skull, vertebral column (sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum)
15
Q
Components of Appendicular Skeleton
A
hip bones, pectoral girdle, bones of upper/lower limbs
16
Q
Structure of Long Bones
A
- consist of a shaft of compact bone with central medullary cavity
- Expanded ends are formed by cancellous bone covered with compact bone
17
Q
Examples of Long Bones
A
Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia
18
Q
Structure of Short Bones
A
formed by cancellous bone with thin covering of compact bone
19
Q
Examples of Short Bones
A
Carpal bones, tarsal bones
20
Q
Structure of Flat Bones
A
thin layer of cancellous bone enclosed in two thin layers of compact bone
21
Q
Location of Flat Bones
A
where there’s protection of underlying organs
22
Q
Composition of Flat Bones as we age
A
As we age the bone marrow in long bones becomes fattier (more yellow bone marrow)
young = more red bone marrow
23
Q
Examples of Flat Bones
A
Scapula, ribs, vault of skull
24
Q
Structure of Irregular Bones
A
composed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
25
Examples of Irregular Bones
Vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones
26
4 main features of Long Bones
- Diaphysis (shaft)
- Epiphysis
- Epiphysis Cartilage (Epiphyseal Plate)
- Metaphysis
27
Diaphysis (Shaft)
portion of long bone between the ends, consists of tube of compact bone and enclosing medullary cavity
28
Epiphysis
end of long bone, usually wider than saft, either entirely cartilaginous or separated from shaft by cartilaginous disk
29
Epiphyseal Cartilage (Epiphyseal Plate)
cartilage seen during growing phase of bone, separated from epiphysis
30
Metaphysis
wide portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis, contains growth plate (i.e., epiphyseal cartilage)
31
4 Arterial Supplies of bones
- Nutrient Artery
- Periosteal Arteries
- Metaphyseal Artery
- Epiphyseal Arteries
32
Nutrient Artery
- usually 1+, supplies inner 2/3 of cortex of long bones plus the medullary cavity
33
90% ______ bones have single nutrient foramen in middle third of shaft
long
34
Periosteal Arteries
numerous beneath muscular and ligamentous attachments
35
Metaphyseal Artery
supplies metaphysis area and anastomoses (join) with nutrient artery
36
Epiphyseal Arteries
mainly supply the epiphyseal plate
37
Venous Drainage of Bones
numerous venous channels accompany the arteries, eventually join/leave bone through nutrient foramen forming nutrient vein
38
Lymphatics of Bones
bones are drained by lymphatic vessels, which are abundant in the periosteum
39
Where are lymphatic vessels abundant?
periosteum
40
Innervation of Bones
nerves are widely distributed in periosteum and nerve fibers usually accompany the arteries
41
Cartilage
form of CT in which cells and fibers are embedded in gel-like matrix, latter being responsible for it's firmness/resilience
42
3 types of Cartilage in bones
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic cartilage
43
Hyaline Cartilage
covers most of articular surfaces of nearly all synovial joints, great resistance to wear
- Incapable of repair when fractured - osteoarthritis
44
Fibrocartilage
found in disc within joints (TMJ)
- If damaged, repairs itself slowly with fibrous tissue
45
Elastic Cartilage
found in Auricle of ear and auditory tube, has large number of elastic fibers and is flexible
- If damaged, repairs itself with fibrous tissue
46
T/F: Cartilage is vascular and neural
F - it is avascular and aneural
47
How is nutrition supplied to cartilage?
nutrition is supplied to chondrocytes via diffusion
48
Cells of cartilage
chondrocytes
49
What is a unique characteristic of TMJ and sternoclavicular?
Interarticular Disc between joint - fibrocartilage
50
Joints
place of union/junction between 2+ rigid components (bones, cartilage, or parts of same bone)
51
Most common joint in then body
synovial joint
52
4 Characteristics of Synovial Joints
- Synovial membrane
- Synovial fluid
- Synovial cavity
- Synovial capsule
53
Synovial Joints
Articular surfaces that are coved by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
54
Arterial supply of synovial joints
by articular arteries that arise from vessels AROUND joint capsule
55
Venous drainage of synovial joints
by articular veins that accompany the arteries
56
Lymphatic drainage of synovial joints
through lymphatic vessels located AROUND joint capsule (fatty fluid)
57
Innervation of synovial joints
by articular nerves, same nerves supply capsule AND ligaments
58
Where is joint pain usually localized to?
joint capsule and ligaments - where most innervation occurs
- little to no innervation in articular cartilage
59
7 Types of Synovial Joints
- hinge
- condylar/condyloid
- pivot
- plane
- ellipsoid
- saddle
- ball and socket
60
uniaxial, flexion/extension Ex: elbow, interphalangeal joints
Hinge synovial joint
61
uniaxial, flexion/extension/rotation (knee, TMJ)
Condylar/Condyloid synovial joint
62
uniaxial, gliding only (sarco-iliac, superior tibiofibular, acromioclavicular joints)
Plane synovial joint
63
uniaxial, rotation only (superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints)
Pivot synovial joint
64
biaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction
(wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, atlanto-occipital joints)
Ellipsoid synovial joint
65
biaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction/small degree axial rotation
(calcaneocuboid, sternoclavicular, ankle joints)
Saddle synovial joint
66
multiaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction/rotations
(hip and shoulder joints)
Ball and Socket synovial joint
67
2 components of Axial Skeleton (and their subcomponents)
Head - cranial and facial bones
Trunk - hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
68
Components of "Rib Cage"
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Hyoid Bone
69
Divisions of sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
70
Superior portion of manubrium contains
Suprasternal Notch
71
Sternal Angle/Angle of Louis
- at junction between manubrium and body
- Where 2nd rib attaches
- Opposite the intervertebral disc 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae
72
Where does 2nd rib attach?
Sternal Angle
73
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
74
Where do most ribs articulate?
to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and to sternum anteriorly
75
True Ribs
- 1-7
- attach directly to sternum via their own cartilage
76
False Ribs
- 8-10
- attach to cartilage of true ribs, not directly to sternum
77
Floating Ribs
- 11-12
- do not attach to sternum
78
Typical Ribs
- 3-9
- consist of head, neck, body
head = wedge with superior & inferior facets
neck = rough tubercle - connects head with body
body = flat/curved, costal/subcostal groove for neuromuscular supply of thorax
79
Atypical Ribs
- 1-2,10-12
80
1st Rib
shortest, flattened, greatest curvature
Head = single articular facet for T1 vertebral body
Upper surface = 2 shallow grooves separated for subclavian artery and vein
81
Hyoid Bone
- in the neck, held in place on C3 vertebrae by muscles and ligaments
- Helps stabilize larynx
- Serves as attachment site for tongue and pharyngeal muscles
82
Components of Vertebral Column
- 7 C
- 12 T
- 5 L
- 5 S
- 3-4 Co
83
Structure/Function of vertebral column
- Forms solid, protective, flexible tube
- Maintains posture, supports weight of head and body
84
Mobile vertebrae
C, T, L
85
Immobile/Fused vertebrae
S & Co
86
Vertebral Body
- located anteriorly
- serves as main weight-bearing element of vertebra
87
Transverse Process of vertebra
- laterally projecting processes
- extend from junction of pedicle and lamina
88
Spinous Process of vertebra
- posteriorly projecting tip of vertebral arch
- easily palpated through skin
89
Pedicles of vertebra
region of vertebral arch that connects transverse process to vertebral body
90
Laminae of vertebra
region of vertebral arch that connects spinous process to transverse process
91
Vertebral Arch
consists of paired pedicles and laminae
92
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes of vertebra
- articular surfaces projecting superiorly/inferiorly from vertebral arch
- Articulate with adjacent vertebrae = forming Zygapophyseal Facet synovial joints
93
Vertebral Foramen
- form by vertebral arch and body, contains spinal cord
- Stacked vertebral foramina of entire vertebral column = form Vertebral Canal
94
Intervertebral (Neural) Foramina
- bilateral openings between every pair of adjacent vertebrae
- Where spinal nerves communicate between spinal cord and body tissues
95
Intervertebral Disc
- cartilage cushion between adjacent vertebral bodies
- function as shock absorber
- Annulus Fibrosus - fibrocartilaginous outer ring
- Nucleus Pulposus – gelatinous core
96
Typical features of vertebra
vertebral body, transverse process, spinous process, pedicles, lamina, vertebral arch, superior and inferior articular processes, vertebral foramen, intervertebral (neural) formina, intervertebral disc
97
Location of Cervical Vertebrae
neck
98
Cervical vertebrae Transverse Foramina
transports vertebral arteries/veins to/from posterior region of brain
99
Cervical vertebrae Spinous Process
often bifid or forked
100
C1
Atlas - articulates with occipital bone and “holds” weight of skull
101
C2
Axis - articulates with atlas via Dens (Odontoid Process) and enables rotation of skull
102
Skull rotates because of ______
Dens
103
C7
most prominent spinous process at base of neck
104
Location of Thoracic vertebrae
thoracic region
105
Thoracic Vertebrae Spinous Process
thin and pint inferiorly
106
Thoracic vertebrae have 12 ________ for articulation with the 12 pairs of ribs
costal facets
107
Lumbar Vertebrae location
lower back
108
Lumbar vertebrae Vertebral Bodies
large and block like
109
Lumbar vertebrae Spinous Processes
thick and point posteriorly
110
Lumbar vertebrae Superior and Inferior Articulating Processes
each vertebrae has one
111
Unique process possessed by Lumbar vertebrae
maxillary process - posterior projection arising from superior articulating process
112
Location of Sacrum
between os coxae
113
Major components of Sacrum structure
- Sacral formina
- sacroiliac joints
- sacral canal
- sacral promontory
- sacral hiatus
114
Sacral Foramina
flank vertebral bodies, spinal nerves traverse
115
Sacroiliac Joints
formed from lateral surface of sacrum articulating with ilium of os coxae
116
Sacral Canal
located posterior to body
117
Sacral Promontory – sharp anterior projection from superior surface of 1st sacral vertebral body
sharp anterior projection from superior surface of 1st sacral vertebral body
118
Sacral Hiatus
inverted U-shaped gap in inferior part of vertebral canal
119
Sacral anomaly where there are 6 Sacral vertebrae (not 5) due to incorporation of last lumbar vertebra
Sacralization of L5
120
Sacralization of L5
Sacral anomaly where there are 6 Sacral vertebrae (not 5) due to incorporation of last lumbar vertebra
121
Rare anomaly where there is a reduction in sacral vertebrae
Lumbarization of S1
122
Lumbarization of S1
Rare anomaly where there is a reduction in sacral vertebrae
123
When do body of sacral vertebrae usually unite?
What about the central area of body and intervertebral discs?
- 20 years old
- may remain unossified into Middle Ages
124
Location of Coccyx
below sacrum
125
Tailbone
Coccyx
126
Coccyx
- Commonly fuse together to form single small triangular bone
- Articulates at base with lower end of sacrum
