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291 anat > GENERAL BONE STRUCTURE/RIB CAGE/VERTEBRAL COLUMN > Flashcards

GENERAL BONE STRUCTURE/RIB CAGE/VERTEBRAL COLUMN Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues making up bones

A
  • Osteocytes
  • Cartilages
  • Fibrous CT
  • Blood vessels
  • Nerves
  • Lymphatics
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2
Q

Bone derives its compressional strength from

A

Hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

T/F: Bone matrix is continuously turning over

A

T

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4
Q

T/F: Bone is highly vascularized

A

T

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5
Q

Most sensitive part of a bone
- Why?

A

periosteum - higher vascularized and innervated

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6
Q

Periosteum
- What is the exception?

A

CT layer covering all bones
- except where bony areas are covered by articular cartilage or bony areas of ligament tendon attachment

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7
Q

Periosteum function

A

Provides underlying bone with nutrients

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8
Q

Compact/Cortical/Dense Bone

A

outer dense layer that’s thick and highly vascularized

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9
Q

Compact/Cortical/Dense Bone function

A

provides great Stregnth and density

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10
Q

Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular Bone

A
  • layer of spongy bone in center consisting of network of trabeculae arranged to resist external forces
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11
Q

Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular Bone function

A

Thin sheets in medulla containing small filaments of bone material for structural support with minimal weight

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12
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

cavity in long bones that’s continuous with interstices of cancellous bone filled with red (hematopoietic) or yellow (fatty) marrow

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13
Q

Endosteum

A

single-cellular osteogenic layer that lines marrow cavity

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14
Q

Components of Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column (sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum)

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15
Q

Components of Appendicular Skeleton

A

hip bones, pectoral girdle, bones of upper/lower limbs

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16
Q

Structure of Long Bones

A
  • consist of a shaft of compact bone with central medullary cavity
  • Expanded ends are formed by cancellous bone covered with compact bone
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17
Q

Examples of Long Bones

A

Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia

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18
Q

Structure of Short Bones

A

formed by cancellous bone with thin covering of compact bone

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19
Q

Examples of Short Bones

A

Carpal bones, tarsal bones

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20
Q

Structure of Flat Bones

A

thin layer of cancellous bone enclosed in two thin layers of compact bone

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21
Q

Location of Flat Bones

A

where there’s protection of underlying organs

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22
Q

Composition of Flat Bones as we age

A

As we age the bone marrow in long bones becomes fattier (more yellow bone marrow)
young = more red bone marrow

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23
Q

Examples of Flat Bones

A

Scapula, ribs, vault of skull

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24
Q

Structure of Irregular Bones

A

composed of cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone

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25
Q

Examples of Irregular Bones

A

Vertebrae, facial bones, hip bones

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26
Q

4 main features of Long Bones

A
  • Diaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphysis
  • Epiphysis Cartilage (Epiphyseal Plate)
  • Metaphysis
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27
Q

Diaphysis (Shaft)

A

portion of long bone between the ends, consists of tube of compact bone and enclosing medullary cavity

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28
Q

Epiphysis

A

end of long bone, usually wider than saft, either entirely cartilaginous or separated from shaft by cartilaginous disk

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29
Q

Epiphyseal Cartilage (Epiphyseal Plate)

A

cartilage seen during growing phase of bone, separated from epiphysis

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30
Q

Metaphysis

A

wide portion of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis, contains growth plate (i.e., epiphyseal cartilage)

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31
Q

4 Arterial Supplies of bones

A
  • Nutrient Artery
  • Periosteal Arteries
  • Metaphyseal Artery
  • Epiphyseal Arteries
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32
Q

Nutrient Artery

A
  • usually 1+, supplies inner 2/3 of cortex of long bones plus the medullary cavity
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33
Q

90% ______ bones have single nutrient foramen in middle third of shaft

A

long

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34
Q

Periosteal Arteries

A

numerous beneath muscular and ligamentous attachments

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35
Q

Metaphyseal Artery

A

supplies metaphysis area and anastomoses (join) with nutrient artery

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36
Q

Epiphyseal Arteries

A

mainly supply the epiphyseal plate

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37
Q

Venous Drainage of Bones

A

numerous venous channels accompany the arteries, eventually join/leave bone through nutrient foramen forming nutrient vein

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38
Q

Lymphatics of Bones

A

bones are drained by lymphatic vessels, which are abundant in the periosteum

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39
Q

Where are lymphatic vessels abundant?

A

periosteum

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40
Q

Innervation of Bones

A

nerves are widely distributed in periosteum and nerve fibers usually accompany the arteries

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41
Q

Cartilage

A

form of CT in which cells and fibers are embedded in gel-like matrix, latter being responsible for it’s firmness/resilience

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42
Q

3 types of Cartilage in bones

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
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43
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

covers most of articular surfaces of nearly all synovial joints, great resistance to wear
- Incapable of repair when fractured - osteoarthritis

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44
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

found in disc within joints (TMJ)
- If damaged, repairs itself slowly with fibrous tissue

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45
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

found in Auricle of ear and auditory tube, has large number of elastic fibers and is flexible
- If damaged, repairs itself with fibrous tissue

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46
Q

T/F: Cartilage is vascular and neural

A

F - it is avascular and aneural

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47
Q

How is nutrition supplied to cartilage?

A

nutrition is supplied to chondrocytes via diffusion

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48
Q

Cells of cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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49
Q

What is a unique characteristic of TMJ and sternoclavicular?

A

Interarticular Disc between joint - fibrocartilage

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50
Q

Joints

A

place of union/junction between 2+ rigid components (bones, cartilage, or parts of same bone)

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51
Q

Most common joint in then body

A

synovial joint

52
Q

4 Characteristics of Synovial Joints

A
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Synovial cavity
  • Synovial capsule
53
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Articular surfaces that are coved by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage

54
Q

Arterial supply of synovial joints

A

by articular arteries that arise from vessels AROUND joint capsule

55
Q

Venous drainage of synovial joints

A

by articular veins that accompany the arteries

56
Q

Lymphatic drainage of synovial joints

A

through lymphatic vessels located AROUND joint capsule (fatty fluid)

57
Q

Innervation of synovial joints

A

by articular nerves, same nerves supply capsule AND ligaments

58
Q

Where is joint pain usually localized to?

A

joint capsule and ligaments - where most innervation occurs
- little to no innervation in articular cartilage

59
Q

7 Types of Synovial Joints

A
  • hinge
  • condylar/condyloid
  • pivot
  • plane
  • ellipsoid
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
60
Q

uniaxial, flexion/extension Ex: elbow, interphalangeal joints

A

Hinge synovial joint

61
Q

uniaxial, flexion/extension/rotation (knee, TMJ)

A

Condylar/Condyloid synovial joint

62
Q

uniaxial, gliding only (sarco-iliac, superior tibiofibular, acromioclavicular joints)

A

Plane synovial joint

63
Q

uniaxial, rotation only (superior and inferior radio-ulnar joints)

A

Pivot synovial joint

64
Q

biaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction
(wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, atlanto-occipital joints)

A

Ellipsoid synovial joint

65
Q

biaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction/small degree axial rotation
(calcaneocuboid, sternoclavicular, ankle joints)

A

Saddle synovial joint

66
Q

multiaxial, flexion/extension/abduction/adduction/rotations
(hip and shoulder joints)

A

Ball and Socket synovial joint

67
Q

2 components of Axial Skeleton (and their subcomponents)

A

Head - cranial and facial bones
Trunk - hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

68
Q

Components of “Rib Cage”

A
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Hyoid Bone
69
Q

Divisions of sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

70
Q

Superior portion of manubrium contains

A

Suprasternal Notch

71
Q

Sternal Angle/Angle of Louis

A
  • at junction between manubrium and body
  • Where 2nd rib attaches
  • Opposite the intervertebral disc 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae
72
Q

Where does 2nd rib attach?

A

Sternal Angle

73
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

74
Q

Where do most ribs articulate?

A

to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and to sternum anteriorly

75
Q

True Ribs

A
  • 1-7
  • attach directly to sternum via their own cartilage
76
Q

False Ribs

A
  • 8-10
  • attach to cartilage of true ribs, not directly to sternum
77
Q

Floating Ribs

A
  • 11-12
  • do not attach to sternum
78
Q

Typical Ribs

A
  • 3-9
  • consist of head, neck, body
    head = wedge with superior & inferior facets
    neck = rough tubercle - connects head with body
    body = flat/curved, costal/subcostal groove for neuromuscular supply of thorax
79
Q

Atypical Ribs

A
  • 1-2,10-12
80
Q

1st Rib

A

shortest, flattened, greatest curvature
Head = single articular facet for T1 vertebral body
Upper surface = 2 shallow grooves separated for subclavian artery and vein

81
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • in the neck, held in place on C3 vertebrae by muscles and ligaments
  • Helps stabilize larynx
  • Serves as attachment site for tongue and pharyngeal muscles
82
Q

Components of Vertebral Column

A
  • 7 C
  • 12 T
  • 5 L
  • 5 S
  • 3-4 Co
83
Q

Structure/Function of vertebral column

A
  • Forms solid, protective, flexible tube
  • Maintains posture, supports weight of head and body
84
Q

Mobile vertebrae

A

C, T, L

85
Q

Immobile/Fused vertebrae

A

S & Co

86
Q

Vertebral Body

A
  • located anteriorly
  • serves as main weight-bearing element of vertebra
87
Q

Transverse Process of vertebra

A
  • laterally projecting processes
  • extend from junction of pedicle and lamina
88
Q

Spinous Process of vertebra

A
  • posteriorly projecting tip of vertebral arch
  • easily palpated through skin
89
Q

Pedicles of vertebra

A

region of vertebral arch that connects transverse process to vertebral body

90
Q

Laminae of vertebra

A

region of vertebral arch that connects spinous process to transverse process

91
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

consists of paired pedicles and laminae

92
Q

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes of vertebra

A
  • articular surfaces projecting superiorly/inferiorly from vertebral arch
  • Articulate with adjacent vertebrae = forming Zygapophyseal Facet synovial joints
93
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A
  • form by vertebral arch and body, contains spinal cord
  • Stacked vertebral foramina of entire vertebral column = form Vertebral Canal
94
Q

Intervertebral (Neural) Foramina

A
  • bilateral openings between every pair of adjacent vertebrae
  • Where spinal nerves communicate between spinal cord and body tissues
95
Q

Intervertebral Disc

A
  • cartilage cushion between adjacent vertebral bodies
  • function as shock absorber
  • Annulus Fibrosus - fibrocartilaginous outer ring
  • Nucleus Pulposus – gelatinous core
96
Q

Typical features of vertebra

A

vertebral body, transverse process, spinous process, pedicles, lamina, vertebral arch, superior and inferior articular processes, vertebral foramen, intervertebral (neural) formina, intervertebral disc

97
Q

Location of Cervical Vertebrae

A

neck

98
Q

Cervical vertebrae Transverse Foramina

A

transports vertebral arteries/veins to/from posterior region of brain

99
Q

Cervical vertebrae Spinous Process

A

often bifid or forked

100
Q

C1

A

Atlas - articulates with occipital bone and “holds” weight of skull

101
Q

C2

A

Axis - articulates with atlas via Dens (Odontoid Process) and enables rotation of skull

102
Q

Skull rotates because of ______

A

Dens

103
Q

C7

A

most prominent spinous process at base of neck

104
Q

Location of Thoracic vertebrae

A

thoracic region

105
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Spinous Process

A

thin and pint inferiorly

106
Q

Thoracic vertebrae have 12 ________ for articulation with the 12 pairs of ribs

A

costal facets

107
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae location

A

lower back

108
Q

Lumbar vertebrae Vertebral Bodies

A

large and block like

109
Q

Lumbar vertebrae Spinous Processes

A

thick and point posteriorly

110
Q

Lumbar vertebrae Superior and Inferior Articulating Processes

A

each vertebrae has one

111
Q

Unique process possessed by Lumbar vertebrae

A

maxillary process - posterior projection arising from superior articulating process

112
Q

Location of Sacrum

A

between os coxae

113
Q

Major components of Sacrum structure

A
  • Sacral formina
  • sacroiliac joints
  • sacral canal
  • sacral promontory
  • sacral hiatus
114
Q

Sacral Foramina

A

flank vertebral bodies, spinal nerves traverse

115
Q

Sacroiliac Joints

A

formed from lateral surface of sacrum articulating with ilium of os coxae

116
Q

Sacral Canal

A

located posterior to body

117
Q

Sacral Promontory – sharp anterior projection from superior surface of 1st sacral vertebral body

A

sharp anterior projection from superior surface of 1st sacral vertebral body

118
Q

Sacral Hiatus

A

inverted U-shaped gap in inferior part of vertebral canal

119
Q

Sacral anomaly where there are 6 Sacral vertebrae (not 5) due to incorporation of last lumbar vertebra

A

Sacralization of L5

120
Q

Sacralization of L5

A

Sacral anomaly where there are 6 Sacral vertebrae (not 5) due to incorporation of last lumbar vertebra

121
Q

Rare anomaly where there is a reduction in sacral vertebrae

A

Lumbarization of S1

122
Q

Lumbarization of S1

A

Rare anomaly where there is a reduction in sacral vertebrae

123
Q

When do body of sacral vertebrae usually unite?
What about the central area of body and intervertebral discs?

A
  • 20 years old
  • may remain unossified into Middle Ages
124
Q

Location of Coccyx

A

below sacrum

125
Q

Tailbone

A

Coccyx

126
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Commonly fuse together to form single small triangular bone
  • Articulates at base with lower end of sacrum

291 anat (8 decks)

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