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Lecture Exam 5 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of an EKG (electrocardiogram)

A

-P-Wave : atrial excitation “hill like”
-QRS Complex : ventricular depolarization “fired up peak”
-T-Wave : ventricular re polarization (recharged)

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2
Q

Factors Affecting Heart Rate

A
  1. ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
    -medulla oblongata : influenced by Limbic system (emotional brain) such as stress
  2. Hormones
    -Adrenaline (–>)
    -Caffeine
    -O2 + CO2 in blood
    -Nicotine (–>)
  3. Lower BP
  4. myocardial hypertrophy (cardiac tissue getting thicker/bigger) = decrease heart rate
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3
Q

Bradycardia :
Tachycardia :

A

-Resting H.R below (<–) 60 bpm
- Resting H.R above 100 bpm

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4
Q

Electrical Conduction System
(to cause the heart muscle to contract, and pump blood through the body’s circulatory system)

A

Begins in the medulla oblongata –> Vagus nerve –> SA Node (pacemaker) –> AV Node –> bundle fibers –> purkinje fibers –> Myocardium

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5
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation :

A

Irregular contractions of myocardium

ex: a decrease of cardiac output = death

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6
Q

CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)
(Cardiac Output)

A

Cardiac Output = 70 bpm x 70 m/s
= 4,900 mL / min

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7
Q

Cardiovascular System: consists of
- Function

A

-Heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
- Transports gas

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8
Q

Heart :
-chambers
-H.R

A
  • 4 chambers (upper=Atria, lower=Ventricles)
  • normal resting H.R 60-80 bpm
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9
Q

Coverings/Walls of Heart:
-Lies in …

A

-Lies in the pericardial sac

  1. Epicardium “visceral pericardium” : outermost layer
  2. Myocardium : cardiac muscle, dark red, very vascular (lots of blood flow), myocardial atrophy (weaker due to aging) + hypertrophy ^^
  3. Endocardium : inner lining (very smooth, where blood comes into contact)
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10
Q

Artery :

A

vessel which transport blood AWAY from heart (DEEP)
- majority are red = oxygenated
- high pressure
- NO valves
- muscular

-Tunica intima: simple squamous epi. (elastic CT exposed for plaque development)
-Atherosclerosis : fatty plaque on an artery wall
-Arteriosclerosis : Ca+2 embedded in plaque (hardened)

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11
Q

Veins :

A

vessel which transports blood TOWARD the heart (SUPERFICIAL)
- low pressure
- has valves
- less muscle
- some veins are blue = deoxygenated

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12
Q

Blood Flow through the Heart :

A

(BLUE)
SVC / IVC > R atrium > Tricuspid valve ( R av valve) > R ventricle > through pulmonary valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmo. arteries > capilaries lung > (RED) pulmo. veins > L atrium > Bicuspid valve (L av valve) > L ventricle > aorta valve > aorta > arteries > bodies

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13
Q

Risk Factors
+ prevention

A
  1. Diet high in saturated fats
  2. smoking
  3. obesity
  4. stress

-diet (cut back on SF + cholesterol)
-exercise
-maintain body weight
-maintain stress
-STOP smoking

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14
Q

Treatment for Atherosclerosis

A
  1. Bypass surgery (utilizing the great saphenous vein)
  2. Angioplasty + stent (catheter w/balloon)
  3. Heart transplant
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15
Q

Blood Drawn
-Artery

A

Mediun cubital vein
- BP from brachial artery or femoral artery

Pulse : radial artery and dorsal pedal artery

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16
Q

Blood Pressure (bpm)
#/#
^=?

A

120(systolic, L ventricular contraction) / 80(diastolic, recoil of arteries composed of elastic c.t + smooth muscle)

Hypertension: 140/90

Hypotension: 90/60

17
Q

Hypertension: 140/90

-prevention

A

: unhealthy bc undue stress on heart overtime causes congestive heart failure (back flow of blood edema) DAMAGE to kidneys/arteries. can CAUSE an aneurysm

-exercise, excess of saturated fats, calories, sodium, take meds, decrease of stress

18
Q

Where is the breakpoint between oxygenated and deoxygenated? (when does the blood turn colors)

A

After the Lungs

19
Q

Which heart chamber does the most work?

A

Left ventricle (pumps blood from head <–> toes) = thicker myocardium

20
Q

Coronary Circulation :
- what supplies your heart w/blood

A

: Blood flow to the myocardium and back to the R Atrium

  • two primary arteries ( L & R coronary arteries)
    branch down into capillaries > myocardium > veins > cardiac veins > R atrium
21
Q

Coronary Artery Disease :

A

affecting the lining of the artery which narrows it, the build up of calcium & cholesterol (build up = atherosclerosis)

22
Q

Heart Disease :
- causes what?

A

: gradual progressive disease, where theres a blockage of coronary circulation
-causes a MI (myocardial infarction [sudden death] = heart attack)

23
Q

Heart Disease :
- risk factors

A
  • genetics
  • smoking
  • sedentary
  • fatty diets
  • high cholesterol
  • aging
  • diabetic
  • male
  • stress
  • clotting disorder
24
Q

Heart Disease :
- prevention

A
  • exercise (aerobic) 3-4 days a week
  • increase intake of fruits/veggies
  • decrease fat/cholesterol & calorie intake
  • don’t smoke
  • learn how to relax + handle stress
25
Q

Heart Disease :
- treatment

A
  • Bypass surgery
  • Angioplasty + stent (catheter w/balloon)
  • Heart transplant
26
Q

Atherosclerosis :

A

fatty plaque in artery wall

27
Q

Arteriosclerosis :

A

hardened plaque (embedded w/calcium)

28
Q

Fibrillation :

A

:asynchronous beating of the heart

29
Q

Aneurysm :

A

expanded weakened artery wall, which can rupture and cause internal bleeding = stroke > death

Lecture Exam 5 (4 decks)

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