Healthy Vs unhealthy states of mind

Question 1

Defining Mental Health Issues(MHI)

Answer 1

• Stat Infrequency : unusual beh may = MHI
  -assumption MH I are rare but 1/8 had MHI in 2019
• violation of social norms : vary in culture, area + time
  -Personal Distress : some aren’t distressing /hide distress /bad news

Question 2

Hippocrates + Greeks

Answer 2

• Holistic Healthcare Model: science informs drugs, diet, physical + mental health
• Aims to optimise harmony between mind + body

Question 3

Hippocrates - classical Antiquity naturalistic approach

Answer 3

• MHI have natural not supernatural (demons + trepidation) causes
• 4 fluids in body : yellow bile , black bile (excess = depression) , blood phlegm
  -imbalance in fluids = physical brain pathology

Question 4

Marcus Aurelius- classical Antiquity

Answer 4

• To cope with stress of running Roman Empire kept notebook of pos thoughts

Question 5

Galen -Classical Antiquity

Answer 5

• carefully distinguished physical causes of MHI+ emotional
• dev idea of therapist (overseer)

Question 6

Middle Ages Healthcare

Answer 6

• Back to supernatural idea

Question 7

Enlightenment

Answer 7

-power of reason to understand world

Question 8

Treatment - The swing

Answer 8

-believed madness was result of inflammation of brain
-Rush ( 1772) -reduce inflammation by reducing sensory input
- swing reduces attention

Question 9

Treatment - Full frontal lobotomy

Answer 9

-Moniz (1935) - enter brain through the top of the skull
-severed connection between thalamus (emotions) + frontal lobes (thoughts)
-freeman+ watts (1942) improved treatment by entering brain through eye socket

Question 10

classification of mental disorders

Answer 10

-Hippocrates - first well known publication
- mental illnesses seen as effect affaire + treated as diseases

Question 11

Diagnostic + statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Answer 11

• published 1952 by APA
  -DSM 5 published in 2013 with 400 disorders
  -Mezzich (2002) -DSM 4 more valuable presheath

Question 12

DSM - Medicalisation of Mental States

Answer 12

-Cosgrove et al (2006) -major financial ties between DSM 4 and drug industry
- Especially mood disorders + sz

Question 13

International Classification of Diseased (ICD)

Answer 13

-published section on MHD in 1949 , contained 88 disorders
- ICD 11 had section mental, beh, + neurodev disorders including 100s of conditions
- simple descriptions = easy to use
- lags behind intro of new conditions by years

Question 14

Manuals of MHI general criticisms- BPs

Answer 14

-BPs (2011) -
-30% of disorder categorised as ‘not otherwise specified’ ,
-problems of reliability + validity +sociaI norms

Question 15

Manuals of MHI - general criticisms - freedman et al

Answer 15

Reliability Issues
-depression + anxiety had low levels of agreement in DSM 5
-1 = very reliable
- Anxiety = 0.2
- Depression = 0.24
-PtsD=0.7

Question 16

Manuals of MHI -cultural dependence criticisms

Answer 16

• DSM 2 classified same relationships as a disorder
  -controversy on whether obesity is a disorder or not