Defining psychological disorder Flashcards
DSM - 5 definition of mental disorder
- Involves difficulty thinking ,feeling or behaving
- involves distress + dysfunction
- key characteristics : distress, disability, dysfunction + violating social norms
DSM 5 -Distress
- characterises psychological disordes (anxiety or depression)
-Not all disorders cause distress
-Not all beh causing distress is a disorder (loss of loved one)
DSM 5 Disability + Dysfunction
-phobias can produce distress + disability (impaired life)
-Disability alone can’t define disorders
- Not all disorders involve disability ( Bulimia)
-Dysfunction is interrelated
DSM 5 -violation of social norms
- Beh violating norms ( convo with imaginary voices in sz )
- extreme tattoos may be norm violation but not a disorder
- varies across cultures + ethnicities
- Broman 1996) Africans rely on spirituality to cope with illness
Supernatural Explanations of psychopathology
-supernatural causes beh out of indiv control
-Disturbed beh =displeasure of gods / possessed by demons
-Hebrews= possession by a bad spirit
- led to exorcism treatment (ritualistic casting out of evil spirit)
The Dark Ages -Lunacy Trials
-municipal authority care for mentally ill
-Hospital purpose : mad kept safe until restored of reason
Development of Asylums
1 ) Bethlehem + early asylums -deplorable conditions ,seen as a tourist attraction + viewing mentally ill seen as entertainment
2 ) Pinel’s Reforms - removed chains , intro counselling + allowed more freedom But reserved humane treatment for UC
3) Mora treatment - close contact with attendants , no more than 250 per hospital but abandoned due to lack of staffing
Mental Hospitals Today
-Deinstitutionalisation
-Budget cuts
- Treatments enough to provide decent standard of living + some medicine
- Fewer psyc hospitals means go to emergency department (2019 - 2.2 mil) and jail is full disorders
Biological Approaches -origins in paresis + syphilis
-Mental disorders have steady deterioration of mental + physical abilities = general paresis
- Pasteur established germ theory of disease causing syphilis
established connection between infection,damage to brain +psychopathology
Biological Approaches - genetics
-early 20th century studies document heritability of disorders (s z, depression)
Biological treatment
- 1930s : inducing coma with insulin (sakel) claimed 3/ 4 of s z showed sig improvement
- early 20th -electroconvulsive therapy by cerletti+ Bini found applying elec shock to head= epileptic seizures
- 1935: Moniz intro prefrontal lobotomy (caused brain damage)
psychological Approaches -Mesmer+ Charcot
- Hysteria caused by disruption of universal magnetic fluid in body
- rods used to influence magnetic field
- Charcot: students hypnotised a women to display hysterical symptoms+ removed symptoms by waking her
psychological Approaches- Breuer
- treated Anna O (woman with many hysterical symptoms)
- Hypnotised her , she appeared to feel better
- catharsis method: relieved her of emotional trauma
- only temp cure, morphine still needed
psychological Approaches -Freud + psychoanalysis
- most beh i s determined by forces inaccessible to awareness
- assumed psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts
psychological Approaches- Freuds structure of the mind
1) ID-present at birth, controlled basic urges, seeks immediate gratify , not satisfied=tension
2) Ego-6 months +, conscious, mediates reality + ID demands
3) superego - childhood , discovers impulses aren’t acceptable, incorporate parental valves to receive approval= pleasure
