Healthy bodies1 Flashcards
Recognise healthy body systems
Anatomy:
The study of body structures and the relationships between these structures.
Physiology:
The study of the functions of the body, that is, how the body parts work.
The four elements used to create medical terms, and what they (usually) indicate:
Root words:
contain the basic meaning of the term. They usually (but not always) indicate the involved body part.
(eg Appendicitis. word root “appendic” means appendix)
Prefixes:
always come at the beginning of a word. They usually (but not always) indicate location, time, number or status.
(eg Semi conscious. The prefix “semi” means half)
Suffixes:
always come at the end of a word. They usually (but not always) indicate the procedure, condition, disorder or disease.
(eg Appendicitis. The suffix “itis” means inflammation)
Combining forms:
word roots usually have a vowel at the end, so that a suffix can be added.
(eg Erythrocyte)
Name the word elements, and the individual and cumulative meanings
Cardi-ology: Hepat-itis: Pere-oste-um: Melan-o-cyte: Colon-o-scopy:
Prefix “heart” (root word “cardio”). Suffix “study of”. Therefore, study of the heart.
Prefix “liver” (root word “hepato). Suffix “inflammation”
Therefore, inflammation of the liver.
Prefix “around”. Root word “bone”. Suffix “tissue or structure”
Therefore, structure (sheath) wrapping around the bone.
Prefix “dark/black”. Combining form vowel “o”. Suffix “cell”.
Therefore, black (cancerous) (skin) cell.
Prefix “large intestine”. Combining form vowel “o”. Suffix “visual examination”
Therefore, visual (camera) examination of the large intestine.
myo/sarco: neuro: epi: angio: phlebo/veno:
muscle nerves on top blood vessels veins
tympan: neph: opthalm/oculo: oto: thromb:
eardrum kidney eye ear blood clot
hepato: ileo: thorac: pneumo/pleuro: megalo/megaly:
liver small intestine chest lung large/enlarged
tachy:
brady:
leuk:
eryth:
fast/rapid
slow/reduced
white
red
endo/intra: extra: trans: inter: peri:
within outside across between around
echo: gram: otomy: ostomy: dys:
ultrasonic waves used picture make a cut in create an opening not working properly (dysfunctional)
mal: -emia: osis: pathy: -algia:
bad blood condition condition/disease disease (pathology = study of diseases) pain
Three major sectional surfaces:
Other directional terms:
3 pairs
Frontal plane (vertical): anterior (front) and posterior (back) Median plane(vertical): left and right Transverse plane (horizontal): superior (above/upper) and inferior (below/lower)
Distal (farther from trunk of the body; the ankle is distal to the knee) and
Proximal (closer to the trunk; the knee is proximal to the ankle)
Lateral (away from midline of the body; the ribs are lateral to the lungs) and
Medial (closer to midline; the lungs are medial to the ribs)
Superficial (closer to the surface of the body) and
Deep (farther from surface)
The two major body cavities and their locations:
Dorsal cavity - posterior
and
Ventral cavity - anterior
Where is the thoracic cavity?
What are its boundaries and contents?
in the upper part of the trunk.
Its boundaries are formed by a bony framework (ribs?) and supporting muscles. The main organs and structures are the trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, the oesophagus, lymph nodes and the nerves.
What is the largest cavity and what does it contain?
Abdominal cavity (part of abdominopelvic cavity) Contains the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gall bladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen and kidneys.
Most of the abdominal cavity is occupied by (the organs and glands of) the digestive system. There are other structures such as the adrenal glands and numerous blood vessels and lymph vessels, nerves and lymph nodes that are found in the abdominal cavity.
The pelvic cavity:
extends from the lower end of the abdominal cavity.
It contains the sigmoid colon, rectum, anus, some loops of the small intestine, urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and the urethra, and in the female, the organs of the reproductive system.
What cavity includes the cranial cavity (lined space inside skull) and spinal cavity (space inside spine)?
Dorsal cavity
(9) Abdominal regions:
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lateral (lumbar) region Umbilical region Left lateral (lumbar) region Right inguinal (iliac) region Hypogastric region (also known as suprapubic region) Left inguinal (iliac) region
Why is it critical to understand the normal structure and function of each body system?
To obtain and check information relating to a client’s physical health status;
and to identify variations from a normal physical health status.
Six levels of the body’s structural organisation:
Chemical (atoms and molecules, eg DNA);
Cellular (molecules grouped into cells, eg. blood cells);
Tissue (cells grouped into tissues, eg. muscle tissue);
Organ (structures composed of 2 or more types of
tissue, eg. lungs);
System (related organs with a common function, e.g.
respiratory system);
Organism (all systems are integrated and function as a
whole, eg. a human being)
The “ingredients” of blood:
55 % Plasma (91% water, 7% protein, 2% gasses and
salts)
<1% White blood cells and platelets (leukocytes and
thrombocytes)
45% Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Blood is:
Its purpose is:
a connective tissue, although in a liquid form.
Its purpose is to transport oxygen and nutrients, aid in removal of metabolic wastes and helps distribute hormones
Blood serum:
Plasma after clotting factors are removed
Plasma:
A pale yellow fluid containing protein, gases and salts.
Proteins include albumin, antibodies and clotting factors. The proteins assist the body to regulate fluid volume, protect itself from pathogens and prevent excessive blood loss.