Assist functional status Flashcards
Assist with the development and maintenance of client functional status
Some AHA duties in relation to skill development and maintenance programs:
PREPARATION for the skill development session:
Confirming the program requirements with AHP;
Clarifying client needs;
Escorting client to treatment location (eg. occupational therapy room, gym etc.);
Transferring the client if they are unable to do so themselves (eg. in/out of chair, on/off plinth so that they can participate in the session);
Ensuring a safe environment for the program (eg. room set up with clear access and no safety risks);
Preparing resources and equipment for the session.
DELIVERY AND MONITORING the program by:
Individual or group sessions;
Client/carer education;
Supervising, teaching and prompting the practice of an exercise program prescribed by AHP:
Using equipment required for treatment;
Monitoring clients for compliance issues;
Monitoring clients for any adverse reactions;
Infection control practices when dealing with clients and equipment;
Reporting the outcomes and observations of treatment sessions (according to organisational protocols);
Implementing any specified changes to the program as directed by AHP;
Non-client duties.
ASSIST WITH MANAGEMENT by: Carrying out housekeeping duties (such as general cleaning and maintenance of the therapy area); Cleaning and maintaining equipment; Ordering and maintaining stock; Preparing resources; Collecting statistics.
Maintaining scope of practice:
DO NOT:
interpret referrals for therapy;
develop a diagnosis;
undertake assessments independently;
conduct initial interviews with clients independently;
plan/develop a treatment program;
modify therapy programs without consulting AHP;
provide verbal information about client progress to the client’s relatives, friends or other medical staff.
Scope of practice for the AHA means that:
SUPERVISION:
The AHP decides on the treatment, the level of supervision required for a particular activity, the level of difficulty of a particular activity, and the equipment to be used.
ACCOUNTABILITY:
The AHP is accountable for overseeing the skill development program provided to the client even though the AHA may assist with the activities
RESPONSIBILITY:
The AHA has a responsibility to report back to the AHP, providing details about how a client has performed during treatment and about any concerns which the client has or difficulties which were experienced.
Ways the client’s condition/illness could affect their development and learning:
Mobility; Gross motor skills; Fine motor skills; Communication skills; Self-care skills; Emotional well-being; Social skills; Accessing the community; Gaining or maintaining employment
Some impairments can also cause fatigue, stress and anxiety as well as grief for clients and their carers. Clients may have a condition, which reduces their stamina, or they may tire because of the energy expended when performing tasks.
Many functional skills used for everyday living, work and play can also be affected such as the skills required for:
dressing
eating and drinking
personal care and grooming.
Client centred approach:
Clients are people first - each with their own personality, interests, dreams and abilities.
Each one will have different needs and there will be a range of approaches, strategies, technical aids and equipment that may be used to enable each client to carry out their functional living.
The AHP will have:
Completed an interview with the client/carer; Completed observations and assessment of the client’s abilities and needs;
Discussed the desired outcomes of therapy.
This is necessary to establish mutually agreed upon: Goals; Strategies; Resources; Timeframes; Reviews; Evaluations of the developmental program.
The goals of the program should reflect the priorities of the client/carer in improving and/or maintaining their functional ability as this is a vital part of the program being client-centred.
Programs which are client-centred have the greatest potential for success, and the AHA should always keep the needs and priorities of the client in mind as the program progresses to ensure that it remains relevant and meaningful to the client.
Program goals should be measurable so that an evaluation can indicate whether desired outcomes have been achieved and this information can guide the next stage of the program.
Planning with AHPs:
When working with clients, it is important for the AHA to carry out planning with the AHP in order to find out about:
The type of program which is needed;
The requirements of that particular program;
What the desired outcomes of the program are.
The AHA needs to have this information as it will guide all work tasks associated with the program. This planning stage could also include other people such as the client, their carer and other significant members of the health team.
Program requirements:
points to consider
LOCATION
Where the program will be carried out – e.g.: space available, environmental issues such as sensory stimulation.
RESOURCES/EQUIPMENT
This includes an understanding of safe use and maintenance of equipment and materials and any costs involved.
TIMING of sessions
Best times of day, length of time to do the activities, client availability, availability of staff.
STAFF-CLIENT RATIO
The AHP will have assessed the recommended staff – client ratio for the program to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the interventions.
STRATEGIES
What strategies best to use – incorporates understanding of ability level, impact of specific impairment, motivating factors, evidence-based practice.
TRAINING SESSIONS for AHA
Sessions may be necessary for AHA to learn the specific intervention techniques to be used.
TRANSPORT ISSUES
Clients may have problems in getting to and from activities.
DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
These are in accordance with the organisation’s protocols for documentation.
PLANNING REVIEWS
What is the timing for planning reviews and evaluation processes and how will it take place?
Care Plans:
A written document, which includes information such as the client’s personal details, medical history, abilities and needs, and supports required.
It details the overall plan for the care of the client - program goals are also usually recorded there. The client’s care plan identifies each of the client’s current issues and the strategies, which are to be used to address them.
The skill development or maintenance program may be one of the strategies for addressing an issue. Often there are other issues for the client at the same time, particularly if they have a complex illness or injury. In this case, the skill development or maintenance program may be just one of several strategies that are written into the care plan.
When working with the client on the skill development or maintenance program, the AHA should have an awareness of the program’s contribution to the overall care plan. This allows a holistic view to be taken of the client, giving the AHA an appreciation of all the issues that the client is facing.
Once AHA has gathered all the necessary information about the skill development or maintenance program, they should reflect upon the scope of their role and responsibilities as defined by the organisation where they work.
Organisations generally provide details about scope of practice and responsibilities in documents such as role descriptions, supervision agreements, workplace instructions or work practice guidelines.
There may be steps involved in the program that the AHA is not trained to complete or not authorised to carry out. If this situation arises, it must be discussed with the AHP before attempting to proceed with delivering the program.
The AHP may need to be present for some of the program sessions or may make alternative arrangements for the sessions to be carried out safely.
Important:
Proceeding with work that is outside the scope of the work role may put the client at risk of harm and place the Allied Health Assistant at risk of formal disciplinary action.
Program Safety:
AHAs should also work with the AHP to identify and plan for any risks or safety issues which may impact upon the client’s ability to participate in the program.
For example, discussion with the AHP may highlight that the client is likely to experience some discomfort when completing certain therapy activities that are part of the program.
The AHP should provide guidance as to the expected level of discomfort and also make a plan with the AHA to be used if the client’s discomfort exceeds the expected level.
There may be other potential risks that can be identified before the program starts and liaising will enable the AHA to thoroughly plan for any potential issues which could impact upon the client’s participation in the program. Effective planning will maximise the success of the skill development or maintenance program.
Client’s spiritual and cultural needs:
AHP and AHA should consider cultural and spiritual values in order to determine the most effective interventions to use and most appropriate way to deliver these services. This will affect the client’s motivation to attend, cooperate, and engage in the program activities.
Cultural and spiritual experiences influence how they perceive, think, feel and behave and this influence may be obvious or subtle. Cultural and spiritual factors are very powerful.
As such, thought should be given to cultural and spiritual preferences in relation to the following issues, which may be used in the delivery of the skill development program – all should be sensitive and appropriate:
Activities, games and food;
Music, stories and humour;
Physical assistance to complete therapy tasks;
Pain management;
Style of dress / privacy / modesty of the client;
Response to emotions displayed by the client;
Appointment times (avoid conflict with rituals, taboos etc)
Stages of program development:
Once the plan to deliver the skill development or maintenance program has been made, it is time to develop the actual program in greater detail.
The AHA may be involved in some capacity in any or all of these steps, in an assisting capacity, depending upon the instructions of the AHP:
Identifying current skills/abilities and how these can be built upon to make participation meaningful to client;
Identifying specific client needs and priorities;
Developing appropriate goals in conjunction with the client and carers that will allow the client’s own pace to be accommodated;
Identifying methods that will allow the client and carers to build upon their existing strengths.
Delegation and scope of role:
Regardless of which task is delegated during the program development stage, the AHA needs to ensure that they understand the requirements of the task and also that the task falls within the scope of their role.
Important
If they are delegated a task that is outside their scope, they should not proceed with it but rather discuss alternatives with the AHP.
If the delegated task is within their scope of practice, the AHA should complete it exactly as instructed and thorough feedback should be provided to the AHP so that the program can be successfully developed.
Client assessment:
AHPs are trained to carry out thorough assessments of each individual client’s strengths and needs using a variety of methods.
The purpose of this assessment stage is to:
Establish the baseline of the client’s functioning;
Identify which problems can and cannot be addressed through the program;
Gain an indication of the possibility of change (including consideration of the client’s strengths as well as their deficits);
Give information to the client and others to contribute to a possible diagnosis and the overall care plan.
The steps involved in carrying out an assessment include:
The collection of data;
The organisation of this data – measurements and information are converted into a meaningful description of the client’s strengths and deficits with a focus on the areas that the program could assist;
Setting program goals;
Formulating evaluation methods.
The assessment processes can include: Reviewing medical records; Observation; Interview; Taking measurements (eg: range of motion, strength); Inventories and checklists; Standardised assessments.
The type of assessment completed will be determined by the AHP and the AHA may be asked to assist in some parts of the assessment process.
Some specific types of assessments used by AHPs:
manual muscle testing; sensory testing; tests of memory and cognition; hand function testing; endurance testing; developmental testing; reflex testing; tests of visual perceptual skills; standardised tests of motor skills; play inventories; tests of activities of daily living; pre-vocational and vocational assessment; identifying specific client needs and priorities.
Development of skill program:
Once the assessment process is complete, the AHP will use clinical judgement to determine which skills can be developed and how best to address the client’s areas of interest, age, lifestyle, cultural preferences and motivation to build on their strengths and to improve deficits. This is done in close collaboration with the client/carer and other key stakeholders so that the effects of therapy interventions can be maximised.
Information gained from assessment processes which can help in promoting client function may include:
Level of competence in different areas of functioning;
Preferred learning style;
Talents, interests and aspirations;
The need for specialised equipment and/or resources.
The AHP will use the assessment information to decide which areas are the most likely to respond positively to therapy interventions. They generally then compile all of the assessment data and analyse it to determine the focus areas of need.
A report is often written, summarising this information to inform the health care team in preparation for the next step of developing the program which is establishing priority areas and goals for treatment.
Identifying client needs:
Using a team approach:
There are times when a client’s expectations from the therapy intervention may be unrealistic.
If this is the case, it can be discussed and goals set for the program can still often be centred around the area that has been stated as important to the client. A skill development or maintenance program is delivered over weeks or months and this means that all areas of need may potentially be addressed in time.
Note:
All planning for therapy should be done with a team approach – the team consists of the client, carer (if relevant), AHP, AHA and any other health professionals involved in the client’s care. This allows all significant people to have input into the client’s care plan and serves as a way of synchronising services so that interventions can be optimised.
With initial assessment complete, the AHP will move on to identifying client needs and considering how to prioritise these and the AHA may be involved in this process. A planning session generally takes place to discuss the needs of the client as identified through the assessment process and to consider client interests and strengths.
The AHP will use a client centred approach so that the client is part of the planning process and their ideas and issues are listened to when determining priorities for therapy intervention.
Example:
a child with cerebral palsy (poor mobility and fine motor skills) may be more interested in developing skills to get around the playground than in developing pencil skills. Being able to move around the playground may be more important to them as it impacts upon making and keeping friends - highly valued in childhood.
A skill development program should target playground mobility as a priority so that the child is motivated and engaged in the therapy activities. The program should also incorporate other significant needs such as handwriting development but the child is more likely to respond positively to this if he or she feels that her main priority has been addressed.