Health Screening Flashcards
Role of screening in the following diseases:
- stroke
- neonatal disease
- cervical cancer
- reduced (50%) due to early detection of hypertension
- decreased in congenital hypothyroidism + mental retardation
- reduced (80%) by pap smears
What’s the most common cause of
- death:
- premature death:
- death: IHD
- premature: Road injuries
Give examples on primary prevention
- Immunization
- seat belt
- education
Give examples on secondary prevention
- BP check
- mamogram
- asprin for CVD prevention
Give examples on tertiary prevention
Diabetic foot exam
Ventricular hypertrophy ecg in HTN patients
According to the USPSTF screening frame should be
1- Burden of disease
2- Tests
3- efficacy\effectiveness of early detection.
Assessing the burden of the disease happens by:
- prevalence & incidence
- morbidity & mortality
- economic burden
[public health importance]
In assessing the screening test, define the following
- reliability
- validity
- feasibility
- performance
- effectiveness
- bio\human variations
- accuracy, sensitivity, specificity.
- quick\easy\affordable
- PPV & NPV
- outcome measures
Differentiate between efficacy, effectiveness and cost effectiveness in the benefits of early detection
Efficacy: ideal circumstances
Effectiveness: real life circumstances
Cost: economic analysis
When to not preform a screening test?
- harm more than benefit or uncertain if.
- low prevalence of disease - or no effect on target population.
- unfocused test
What is the percentage of population that has to be screened for screening programs to be effective?
70%
What are the criteria for Evidence based guidelines
- personalized
- shared-decision
- balanced benefits\harms
- follow guidelines
RISE mnemonic stands for
R: risk assessment & identification
I: immunization & chemoprophylaxis
S: screening
E: education & counseling
Risk factors for TB include:
- health care providers
- prisoners
- residents of high risk area
- homeless
High risk sexual behaviors will necessitate screening for which disease:
- HIV
- Syphlis
- Chlamedia + gonorrhea
- Hepatitis B & C
IV drug use will necessitate screening for:
- Hepatitis B &C
- HIV
Patient had blood transfusion since 1922 is likely to have:
Hepatits C
Name an example for chemoprophylaxis:
Asprin in CVD risk prevention
Rules for chemoprophylaxis
- Benefit > harm
- cost-effective
Personalized risk in screening is particularly important because:
Reduces anxiety, better informed decision.
Grade A & B in USPSTF recommendations indicate:
Net benefits is (substantial in A - moderate in B)
Grade C & B in USPSTF recommendations indicate:
Selectively offer service - moderate “certainty”
Grade D in USPSTF recommendations indicate:
Recommends against
Grade I in USPSTF recommendations indicate:
Insufficient information
What is the best age to start screening for the following populations:
- breast cancer
- colorectal cancer
- Lung cancer
- Cervical cancer
- osteoprosis
- AAA
- diabetes
- 50+ w\no risk factors
- 50+
- 55+
- 21+
- 65+ w\no risk factors
- 65+ must be smoker
- 40+ must be overweight\obese.
Hepatitis C infection screening
- at high risk
- born between 1945-1965
- at 18+
- 45
What is the best age to start prophylaxis for the following populations:
- prevention of falls exercise
- Statin for prevention of
- 60+
- 35-40
