Health Psychology Sem2Yr2 Flashcards

Question

What does it mean by determinants of health?

Answer 1

Factors that influence the health of individuals/communities

Answer 2

Differences in health outcomes that may be deemed unfair

Answer 3

Individual - Attitudes, knowledge, and skills Interpersonal - Family, friends, social networks Organisational - Organisations, social institutions Community - relationships among organisations Public policy - National, state, local laws

Answer 4

- Respond to perceived symptoms - Make decisions regarding help seeking behaviour - Make decisions regarding adhering to medical advice - Function in terms of well-being

Answer 5

- Culture - Lifespan development - Gender - Personality - Attitudes - Fears

Answer 6

- Lack of understanding - experiences of health in ourselves and others - Health expectations

Answer 7

Differences between collectivist and individualist cultures. - Do people view health as an individual or collective responsibility? Acceptance of alternate therapies Concepts such as mental health vs spiritual possession ~Obesity : Western societies appropriateness of fast food, food convenience and portion sizes have contributed to the obesity epidemic. ~Hypertension : Western societies associate this with processed foods high in salt. African cultures associate it with stock cubes.

Answer 8

Men contact health services less often

Answer 9

It is a COGNITIVE MODEL that assumes behaviour is as a result of rational processing of the costs and benefits the behaviour Originally used to understand how perceptions of health could influence health behaviours and response to treatment in chronically ill patients New demographics of the model: Perceived susceptibility Perceived severity Costs of behaviour Benefits of behaviour -->Lead to behavioural intention Cues to action Health motivation Perceived control/self-efficacy

Answer 10

Rationale - Need for patients to understand how to self-manage their condition, they should be made to understand the severity of their condition Intervention using the principles of HMB 4 - 60 min sessions in a month (once per week) session 1 - intro about diabetes, symptoms, complications, ways to prevent session 2 - knowledge of self-care aspects: food care, regular drug use, physical activities session 3 - healthy diet and proper nutrition session 4 - testing blood sugar with practical demonstrations 6 questions on perceived susceptibility 6 questions on perceived benefits 5 questions on perceived severity 7 questions on perceived barriers 10 questions on self-efficacy tested with t-tests CONCLUSIONS - health interventions can be beneficial for altering health perceptions

Answer 11

Has been used in numerous health contexts - safe sex, dental visits, exercise There is contradictory research between relationship with behavioural interventions and low perceived severity and susceptibility. Focuses on behaviour intention not actual behaviour

Answer 12

Theory is designed to explain reducing health risk behaviour - smoking and unprotected sex - Proposes that health risk reducing behaviour happens when an individual has high protection motivation

Answer 13

It is as a result of combining two cognitive appraisals - threat appraisal and cognitive appraisal

Answer 14

they relate to the perception of a health risk behaviour - smoking

Answer 15

Relate to perceptions and consideration of the risk reducing behaviour

Answer 16

This attempts to explain when increasing risk perceptions will/will not increase risk reducing behaviour Places more importance on fear than the protection motivation theory Comprises threat and efficacy - threat happens first so without threat, efficacy appraisal will not occur

Answer 17

Depending on efficacy appraisal, people will engage in either: danger control or fear control

Answer 18

Being motivated to address perceived threat/danger and adopt risk reducing behaviour

Answer 19

Relates to strategies to reduce the fear arousal e.g., denial, defensive avoidant, reactance

Answer 20

- Can target interventions to make more appealing to people - Can understand when is best to intervene - Better identify strategies to use to help individuals change their behaviour.

Answer 21

Stage theories - Assumes that changing behaviour requires individuals to go through stages. Social cognition models - Specify the cognitive determinants of behaviours

Answer 22

Stage models identify stages that people move through during behaviour change. Stages are different and people can only be in one stage at once. They are helpful for determining where in a process of behaviour change an individual is so we can consider how to help them move on or an appropriate time to intervene.

Answer 23

- A classification system to define the stages - An order to the stages - Common barriers should face people at the same stage - Different barriers to change for different stages

Answer 24

The theory is made up of: stages of change - identify an individuals position in terms of behaviour change. processes of change -Identifies a way to help individual move through the stages temptation - The urge to relapse to previous behaviour when facing difficult periods

Answer 25

PRECONTEMPLATION: No participation in the behaviour with no intention of changing behaviour CONTEMPLATION: No participation in the behaviour but intends to change in the next 6 months (not 30 days) PREPARATION: Intention to participate in the near future (30 days) ACTION: Engaged in regular participation for less than 6 months. MAINTANANCE: Been engaged in regular participation for more than 6 months

Answer 26

Identifying barriers and facilitators for changing the behaviour

Answer 27

How confident an individual is that they can carry out a behaviour to achieve a desired outcome

Answer 28

1. Consciousness raising - seek information to increase understanding of behaviour 2. Dramatic relief - Stimulating an emotional reaction 3. Environmental re-evaluation - Consideration of impact of behaviour on environment/others 4. Self re-evaluation - Assessing self-image 5. Self-liberation - Making a commitment to change and believing its possible

Answer 29

1. Social-liberation - Taking advantage of alternative lifestyles and opportunities 2. Helping-relationships - Accepting the support of others 3. Contingency management - Rewarding oneself/being rewarded/achieving goals 4. Stimulus control - Removing unhelpful triggers and substituting with positive cues 5. Counterconditioning - Identifying substitute behaviours to implement instead of negative ones

Answer 30

Physical activity with people with diabetes type 2 or/and cardiovascular disease. Participant identified their stage of change for physical activity. Provided measures of self-efficacy. Using TTM, results showed: Consciousness raising increased from contemplation to action  Self-liberation increased from contemplation to maintenance  Helping relationships increased from preparation to maintenance  Counter conditioning increased from contemplation to preparation, action and maintenance  Reinforcement management increased from contemplation and preparation to maintenance

Answer 31

TTM is one of the most extensively applied models of behaviour change yet receives large amount of criticism  Successfully acknowledges individual differences  Most research is cross-sectional therefore cause and effect between SoC, self-efficacy and DB is difficult  Time frames suggested lack any meaningful basis and no account of past behaviour  Conflicting research to support the variance in processes of change at different levels  Some suggest that weaknesses of model can be attributed to weak RM focusing on aspects of the model rather than entire model

Answer 32

It is developed from the Theory of Reasoned Action. Suggests that individuals decisions to engage in a behaviour are: - Rational and goal directed - Determined by a persons belief about the behaviour in a social context, social perceptions and expectations

Answer 33

Wanted to explore how the TPB variables, parental attitudes, and parental smoking behaviour predicts adolescents intentions to smoke at different ages (elementary 7-12) (junior high 13-15) (senior high 16-18) 763 Greek students ages 10-18 discussed their attitudes, subjective norms and intentions to smoke. 525 parents reported on smoking attitudes and current smoking behaviours. RESULTS: Students views on smoking were mostly negative but scores gradually increased with age. Attitudes and Perceived Behavioural Control predicted intention to smoke in all ages but had stronger relations with 16-18 years than 7-15. Subjective norms had no significant relationship with intention. Parents attitudes predicted intentions to smoke in 7-12 years only. No relationship between parents smoking behaviour and smoking intentions of students

Answer 34

Demographics, personality, and experience impacts attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control which poor into behaviour intentions.

Answer 35

 Applied successfully to predict a wide range of health related behaviours  Generally predicting 40-50% of variance in intention; 19-38% actual behaviour  Research consistently supports the role of attitudes and PBC for predicting behavioural intention (Armitage & Connor, 2001)  Role of social norms are less conclusive; may be too broad and not account fully for contribution of disperse social groups or moral pressure  The indirect relationship of attitudes and SNs predicting behaviour suggests additional variables must translate intentions into behaviour  No consideration of the potential reverse relationships that may exist. For example, behaviour may shape attitudes etc.

Answer 36

“Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations” (Marks et al., 2005, p393) -Interventions -Public policy -Advertisement/posters/leaflets raising awareness

Answer 37

Behaviour change approach Self-empowerment approach Collective action / Community development approach

Answer 38

Whether the communication is effective at changing attitudes. Whether the modified attitudes are effective for changing behaviour

Answer 39

Considers - Individuals cognitions/attitudes Individuals perceptions of society Individuals perceptions of access to facilities It considers ways to help the individual change their cognitions in a way to facilitate their behaviour change

Answer 40

They're a health promotion technique for encouraging behaviour change. They aim to generate an emotional reaction to - heighten awareness to a particular message motivate a change in attitudes motivate a change in behaviour

Answer 41

In a meta-analysis, it was suggested that: strong fear appeals increase perceived susceptibility and severity. strong fear campaigns are more persuasive than weak campaigns strong fear alongside support of self-efficacy result in the greatest likelihood of adaptive behaviour change strong fear alongside weak support of self efficacy result in increased likelihood of maladaptive coping such as avoidance.

Answer 42

Based on the belief that health promotion works most effectively when the individual is in control of their social and internal environment. Psychological empowerment relates to an individuals ability to make decisions and have control over her or his personal life and health decisions. It is becoming increasingly popular because it fits with the move to create responsible citizens who take control of their own health (Jacobs, 2015).

Answer 43

It emphasises the relationship between individual health status and the social/health context that the individual is in. It is based on the assumption that individual health status is dependant on the environment and so promotion activity targets these societal issues rather than the individuals themselves. People act collectively to change their social environment.

Answer 44

Health promotions needs to adapt to the needs of society and its target audience. Therefore whilst traditional approaches may have used poster campaigns and television adverts continue we also see development of other tactics  Social media campaigns  Use or reality TV / soaps to communicate and raise awareness

Answer 45

This model attempts to identify the cognitive processes i9nvolved in processing persuasive communication. DUAL ROUTE - Routes differ based on the level of effort required to process the argument or information being conveyed. Understanding how these routes work enable conscious thought about how to design health promotion to target either route.

Answer 46

There is a persuasive message - two routes of either motivation and ability to process information. If YES - CENTRAL ROUTE: Reader fully engaged and using cognitive effort. (cognitive effort) Attitude to change, persistent, long-lasting, harder to change. (consequence) If NO - PERIPHERAL ROUTE: Limited engagement and reader uses heuristics to make brief judgements. (cognitive effort) Attitude to change, Temporary short term change, susceptible to change. (consequence)

Answer 47

It can be effective in the short term. Often the route used if the receiver is short of time to receive the message (i.e., a poster campaign) Overtime - - Emotion dissipates - Feelings about the source can change - Cues become disassociated form the message

Answer 48

For this route, the receiver must have the motivation to receive the message: There must be relevance of the message to the receiver There must be accountability for a behavioural decision The receiver must have the ability to process the information: Intellectual understanding of the message Strength of argument Ability to elaborate with few distractions

Answer 49

Sender - where/who is the message coming from Receiver - who is being targeted and why Message - what are you trying to communicate Medium - in what format you choose to deliver the message Noise - distortion or disturbance to the message

Answer 50

People consider their prospects in decision making. Persuasive to the framing of the message.

Answer 51

Emphasises the benefits of taking action/adopting a behaviour

Answer 52

Emphasis the cost of not taking an action

Answer 53

Research is contradictory regarding the effectiveness of negative versus positive framing. It is based on content of the message and message recipients beliefs.

Answer 54

Positive messages make people risk adverse (encourages people to avoid risk) Negative framed messages make people risk seeking (Encourages people to take that risk - is it worth the risk?)

Answer 55

Explicit recommendations or courses of action are more persuasive. Languages used Changing third person to second person (Burnkrant & Unnava, 1989). Posing questions draws the reader in and encourages elaboration. Statistics can be useful to convey generalisations or emphasise the magnitude of the problem

Answer 56

- Methodological flaws limiting assessment of effectiveness - Lack of theoretical approaches - Lack of adequate description about the intervention (Michie et al., 2011)

Answer 57

It proposes a series of processes that should aid in the development of interventions. Stages are non-linear - designers should move back and forth between stages. Stages are cumulative and so information from one should feed another.

Answer 58

1. Needs assessment - identify a target at-risk group and the behaviour that needs changing. 2. Definition of objectives - specifying the behaviour that the intervention is going to focus on and the determinants and beliefs around this behaviour. 3. Selection of theory based methods - the theoretical concepts that can best help explain the relevant determinants of the behaviour 4. Programme design - Putting theoretical techniques into a practical plan. 5. Adoption and implementation - Identifying people/organisations will adopt the intervention and run it, developing training courses 6. Evaluation - Conducting research to discover whether the intervention was successful

Answer 59

Concerned with the processes involved in behavioural regulation and their associated cognitive, affective, and behavioural outcomes. Our motivation is not a binary concept. Motivation lies on a continuum where the drive to engage increasingly becomes more self-determined.

Answer 60

How our behaviour is motivated

Answer 61

No motivation - motivated as a result of external source - motivated to avoid guilt - motivated because you identify with the values of the behaviour - motivated internally by pleasure.

Answer 62

Standage et al., 2003

Answer 63

Autonomy - The need to feel volitional in our decisions and have control over our behavioural choices. Competence - The need to feel that we can effect change / are good at what we choose to do. Relatedness - The need to feel accepted and connected to others.

Answer 64

- Providing information - Rewards and shaping - Using prompts or cues - Environmental restructuring to make environment more supportive - Fear arousal - Barrier identification - Follow-up prompts - Self-talk - Imagery - Relapse prevention - Motivational interviewing - Time management - Action planning - Goal setting - Self-monitoring - Providing feedback

Answer 65

Many strategies are about helping people to develop intention or the volition to change their behaviour. The difference between having the intention to change the behaviour and the decision to actually do it is known as the intention behaviour gap (Sniehotta, Scholz, & Schwarzer, 2005)