Health promotion

Question 1

What are the determinants of health and disease?

Answer 1

physical environment, 
social/economic environment, 
individual genetics, 
characteristics, 
behaviours

Question 2

Define health promotion

Answer 2

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

Question 3

What are the 5 approaches to health promotion?

Answer 3

1) medical/preventative
2) behaviour change
3) educational
4) empowerment
5) social change

Question 4

Outline primary prevention

Answer 4

Prevent onset =

reducing exposure to risk factors,

immunisation,

appropriate precaution re communicable disease (flu, zika),

reducing risk factors from health related behaviours

Question 5

Discuss secondary prevention

Answer 5

Detect and treat disease at early stage = screening, monitoring

Question 6

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 6

Minimise effects of established disease = maximising capabilities/functions

Question 7

Illustrate some of the dilemmas raised by health promotion

Answer 7

1) Ethics of interfering = potential psychological impact of health promotion messages
2) Victim blaming = focusing on individual behaviour
3) Fallacy of empowerment = giving education doesn’t necessarily give them power
4) Reinforcing –ve stereotypes = HIV prevention
5) Unequal distribution of responsibility = often up to women

Question 8

What is the prevention paradox?

Answer 8

Interventions that make a difference at population level might not have much effect on the individual.

Question 9

How does the prevention paradox link with lay beliefs?

Answer 9

If people don’t see themselves as a ‘candidate’ for a disease they may not take on board the health promotion messages.

Awareness of anomalies and randomness of a disease (e.g. heart attacks) will also impact on views about candidacy

Question 10

Define evaluation

Answer 10

The rigorous, systematic collection of data to assess the effectiveness of a programme in achieving predetermined objectives.

Question 11

What are the reasons for evaluating?

Answer 11

Need for evidenced based interventions, accountability, ethical obligation, programme management/development

Question 12

What are the types of health promotion evaluation?

Answer 12

Process

impact

outcome

Question 13

What is process evaluation?

Answer 13

Focuses on assessing the process of programme implementation

Question 14

What is impact evaluation?

Answer 14

Assesses the immediate effects of the intervention.

Tends to be the more popular choice, as it is the easiest to do.

Question 15

What is outcome evaluation?

Answer 15

Measured more long-term consequences

Question 16

What are the difficulties of evaluating outcomes of health promotion?

Answer 16

1) Design of the intervention
2) Possible lag time to effect
3) Many potential intervening or concurrent confounding factors
4) High cost of evaluation research - studies likely large scale and long term