Health & Medicine Flashcards
How does smoking affect CVD
Increases chance because substances in the tobacco damage the artery lining causes fat to build up in the artery wall which makes it narrower could form a clog causing attack or stroke
How does a stent work
Narrowed blood vessel is widened by insertion a small mesh tube in the narrowest part to hike it open.
How does bypass work
Insert other blood vessels so there is a separate root for the blood to flow and heart tissue can be supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
HIV does what
Attacks and destroys white blood cells
Lysogenic life cycle
Virus attaches to bacteria and insects genetic material which forms a circle then inserts itself into the bacterial plasmid and the bacterium reproduces normally replicating viral genetic material at each cell division.
Distribution analysis for wind spread pathogen for plants
Affect a wide area though most obvuks wheee the wind first reaches crop.
Distribution analysis for soil pathogens
Small area creates an obvious pattern for damages pe plants
How can a farmer figure out what pathogen is affecting his crop
Look for lesions on crop and send to lab for texting and conduct a distribution analysis to see whether it is a wind spread pathogen
Three things lymphocytes do to protect us from pathogens
Antibodies on surface match shape of antigen of pathogen so attached and stops it from working - this activates pathogen and it divides rapidly to produce more to destroy them.
Produces toxins or poisons to kill pathogens
Phagocytes engulf and absorb the bacteria.
Memory lymphocytes
After all of pathogen has been killedsome lymphocytes remain in blood so the secondary response if you are infected by the same pathogen is much quicker. Hence you are immune to that pathogen.
Herd immunity
If 95% of a population is immunised (artificially using a vaccine) then the chances of someone who can’t be immunised coming into contact with the pathogen is very low.
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine contains weakened or inactive pathogens injected into the body with minor side effects causing lymphocytes to be produces and then memory lymphocytes remain in blood stream keeping you immune.
Monoclonal antibodies def
Large amounts of idnpentical antibodies
Hybriddomas,monoclonal antibodies creation
Particular antigen is injected into a mouse and the mouse produces lymphocytes against it. Lymphocyte extracted from mousse is fused with a cancer cell creating s hybridoma which then divide rapidly forming monoclonal antibodies
Why are hybridomas useful
Lymphocytes can not clone itself after producing antibodies so fuse with cancer cell that rapidly reproducers so large amounts of monoclonal antibodies can be made
Chemical defence
Lysosomes in tears and skin kill bacteria
