Health inequalities Flashcards
Define health inequalities
Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups
Define the inverse care law
The availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the needs of the population served
Who are the vulnerable groups of people in the NHS?
Immigrants Prisoners LGBTQ+ Homeless Learning disabilities Extremes of age gypsies and travellers Pts with mental health problems
Why might vulnerable groups of people find it difficult to access the NHS?
Stigma
Language barriers
Culture
Differences in status
Education and health literacy- knowing when and how to access healthcare
Do not prioritise health when their basic needs are not met - other priorities
Difficulty in access due to lack of integration between primary care and other agencies eg housing, social services, voluntary sector
Explain and state Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- Love/belonging needs
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualisation needs
What are the physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Air, food, water, sex, sleep, shelter, clothing
What are the safety needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
personal security, employment, health
What are the love/belonging needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Friendship, intimacy, family
What are the esteem needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
What are the self-actualisation needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
morality, problem-solving, creativity, lack of prejudice
fulfilling one’s full potential
What are the three core principles of the NHS?
- meets the needs of everyone
- Free at the point of delivery
- based on clinical need and not on ability to pay
Who make up most of the homeless population?
families or single people who are not literally sleeping on the streets, but living with friends or relatives in temporary accommodation
What is the main cause of homelessness?
Eviction by landlords (though another powerpoint said relationship breakdown)
Name other causes of homelessness apart from eviction
Relationship Breakdown Domestic abuse Disputes with parents Poverty Housing supply and affordability Unemployment or insecure employment
What health problems may homeless adults face?
Serious mental illness eg schizophrenia, depression
Addictions and substance misuse
Infectious diseases - TB, hepatitis
Injuries from violence or rape
Sexual health - STIs, poor access to contraception
Malnutrition
Poor dental health
What health conditions do gypsies and travellers face that are higher in prevelance than in the general population
Higher infant mortality Anxiety Miscarriage COPD, asthma Angina
What are the barriers for gypsies and travellers for accessing healthcare?
reluctance of GPs to register gypsies and travellers and to visit sites Illiteracy Communication difficulties Frequent movement Mistrust of professionals
What have sheffield go to aid access for gypsies and travellers to healthcare
Special health visitor that visits the population at their sites with health visitor and doctor
Liaison with GPs, hospitals, ante-natal clinics to facilitate access.
What are the problems facing the LGBTQ+ community?
Depression Suicide and self-harm Drugs and addiction STIs Social isolation Relationship problems Victims of crime and violence
What are the barriers for the LGBTQ+ community to access healthcare?
Stigma/prejudice
Discomfort/fear of disclosing LGBTQ status due to real or perceived Homophobia
Previous negative experiences
Define asylum seeker
A person who has made an application for refugee status.
Define a refugee
A person granted asylum and refugee status. Usually means leave to remain for 5 years then reapply.
Refugees have a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion in their country of origin and are now outside the country of their nationality, and is unable, or owing to such fear, unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country
Define Indefinite leave to remain (ILR)
when a person is granted full refugee status and Given permanent residence in the UK
What are asylum seekers entitled to in this country?
£35 per week
Housing
Not allowed to work or have benefits
If under age 18 can go to school
What are failed asylum seekers entitled to in this country?
Not entitled to money, housing or NHS care
Rely on charities
What are the barriers that asylum seekers or refugees have in terms of accessing healthcare?
Lack of knowledge of where to get help
Lack of understanding how NHS works
Language / Culture / Communication
Frequent dispersal by Home office
What are the common physical health problems of asylum seekers?
- common illnesses eg heart disease, diabetes
- Illness Specific to Country of Origin - TB
- Injuries from war and travelling
- No previous health surveillance / Immunisations
- Malnutrition
- Torture and Sexual Abuse
- Infectious disease
- Untreated Chronic Disease / Congenital Problems
What are the common mental health problems of asylum seekers?
- depression
- PTSD
- psychosis
- self-harm
What social problems might asylum seekers face?
Social isolation and separation from family Racism, discrimination and hostility Poverty Poor housing Unemployment
What previous experiences might asylum seekers have had to endure?
Torture Massacres Witnessing torture of others Disappearance/death of family Forced conscription (forced to work in the military)
Does anyone have the right to apply for asylum in the UK and remain until a final decision has been made?
Yes
What might be the barrier to diagnosing psychological problems in asylum seekers?
Psychological expression is culture-bound
DO asylum seekers have access to the NHS?
Yes
