Health Inequalities Flashcards
1
Q
Not the mean income but the ____ is the main determinant of population health.
A
‘extent of income division’
2
Q
What is the Gini coefficient?
A
- statistical representation of nation’s income distribution
- lower coefficient = greater equality among people
- UK has a high coefficient
3
Q
Proportionate universalism
A
- response to health inequalities
- focusing only on disadvantaged people will NOT solve inequality
- action has to be universal but with a scale and intensity proportional to the disadvantage
- fair distribution of wealth is important
4
Q
The Black Report 1980
A
- response to health inequalities
1. material
2. artefact
3. cultural/behavioural
4. selection
5
Q
The Acheson Report 1998
A
- health inequality response
1. income inequality should be reduced
2. high priority to health of families with children
6
Q
What are the three theories of causation?
A
- psychosocial (STRESS)
- neo-material (INVESTMENT INTO PUBLIC)
- life-course
7
Q
Explain life-course as a theory of causation
A
- combination of psychosocial and neo-material
- critical periods have a greater impact at certain points in life
- accumulation of hazards add up due to hard work in life
- interactions and pathways e.g. sexual abuse in childhood leads to poor partner choice later
8
Q
Explain psychosocial as a theory of causation
A
- stress => inability to respond efficiently to body demands
- BP, cortisol level and inflammatory and neuro endocrine processes are affected
9
Q
What are the 4 domains of public health?
A
- health protection (infectious disease, poison, chemicals, pollution, radiation etc.)
- improving health services
- improvements to health
- addressing wider determinants of health (seeing the bigger picture)
10
Q
Ethical levels
A
- meta-ethics (exploring right, wrong, defining etc.)
- ethical theory (philosophical attempts to create ethical theories)
- applied ethics (ethical investigation)
11
Q
Examples of ethical theory
A
- virtue
- categorical
- imperative
- utilitarianism
- 4 principles
12
Q
Ethical arguments
A
- deductive (1 general theory -> all medical problems)
- inductive (using settled medical cases to generate theory)
- considering what we believe in
- ethical analogies __ vs __
13
Q
6 Ethical fallacies
A
- Ad hominem (attacking a person rather than their argument)
- authority claims (dismissing a theory because authority has said so)
- begging the qs (ASSUMING initial point of argument)
- dissenters (just by pointing out people who disagree does no make the argument invalid)
- motherhood (inserting soft statements to disguise disputable ones)
- no true scotsman (by modifying the argument)
14
Q
What are three diseases that must be reported to WHO?
A
- cholera
- yellow fever
- plague
15
Q
What are 5 lifestyle factors promoting mortality?
A
- smoking
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- excess alcohol
- poor diet
