Health Indicators Flashcards
derived from the word heal (hael) which means “whole”, signaling that health concerns the whole person and his or her integrity, or well-being
Health
the mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of 5 processes of:
1. Fertility
2. Mortality
3. Migration
4. Marriage
5. Social mobility
Demography
Uses of DEMOGRAPHY
-To determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area
-To determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past.
-To establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.
-To predict future developments & their possible consequences.
Sex composition composes of:
- Sex Ratio
- Sex Structure
- Sex Ratio meaning
Compares the number of males to the number of females. Males/females x 100
- Sex Structure meaning
Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristic
B. Age Composition composes of:
- Median Age
- Dependency Ratio
- Median Age
The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population
- Age-Dependency Ratio
The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups.
= Pop 0-14 yo + Pop ≥ 65 yo x 100
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Pop 15-64 yo
C. Age & Sex Composition
- Population Pyramid
-A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population
Population pyramid
-High birth rate, high death rate, short life expectancy
Stage one: Expanding
Population pyramid
-High birth date, fall in death rate, slightly longer life exapectancy
Stage two: Expanding
Population pyramid
-Declining birhdate, low death rate, more people living to old age
Stage three: Stationary
Population pyramid
-Low birth rate, low death rate, high dependancy ratio, longer life expectancy
Stage four: Contracting
Measures how fast people are added to the population
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
GFR = # registered l.b. in a year x 1000
_____________________
midyear population women 15-44 yo
What are the HEALTH INDICATORS
-Quantitative measures
-Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population
-Usually expressed as ratios, proportions or rates
Measures rate at which mortality occurs in a given population
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Formula for Crude Death Rate (CDR)
CDR = total deaths in one year x 1000
____________________
midyear population
Formula for Crude Birth Rate
CBR = no. of registered livebirths in year x1000
———————————————
mid-year population
MORTALITY INDICATORS
CDR = total deaths in one year x 1000
___________________
total midyear population
MORTALITY INDICATORS
-NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (< 28 days old)
-POST-NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (28 days old to <1 yo)
-PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE (28 weeks gestation to 7 days)
Maternal Mortality Rate
MMR =#pregnancy-related deaths in yearx1000
________________________
# of l.b. in the same year
-a special kind of proportionate mortality ratio
-a sensitive indicator of the standards of healthcare
-Developed countries have higher compared to developing
SWAROOP’S INDEX
= # deaths ≥ 50 yo in a year x 100
____________________
total # of deaths
-how much of the afflicted die from the disease
-a higher CFR means more fatal disease
-the “killing power” of a disease
-the probability of dying of a certain disease
of cases of the disease
CASE FATALITY RATE
deaths due to a disease x 100
____________________
# of cases of the disease
-Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)
-Measure the burden of the disease to the community
-Assess the public health impact of a disease
-Projection of medical care needs
-Proportion with the disease at a point in time
-“point in time”: calendar time, birth, employment, retirement
PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)
PR = # cases at a point in time x 1000
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# of persons examined
Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events
INCIDENCE
2 types of incidence measures
-Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
-Incidence density
-Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time
- Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
CI=# cases that developed during the periodx1000
______________________________
# of persons followed up (DISEASE-FREE/AT RISK!)
-Rate at which new cases occur
-Denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop
- Incidence Density (ID)|
ID= # cases that developed during the period x F
________________________
ave. pop x duration of followup
ID = # cases that developed during the period x F
____________________________
mid year pop
