Health Indicators

Question 1

derived from the word heal (hael) which means “whole”, signaling that health concerns the whole person and his or her integrity, or well-being

Answer 1

Health

Question 2

the mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects through the operation of 5 processes of:
1. Fertility
2. Mortality
3. Migration
4. Marriage
5. Social mobility

Answer 2

Demography

Question 3

Uses of DEMOGRAPHY

Answer 3

-To determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area
-To determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past.
-To establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.
-To predict future developments & their possible consequences.

Question 4

Sex composition composes of:

Answer 4

1. Sex Ratio
2. Sex Structure

Question 5

1. Sex Ratio meaning

Answer 5

Compares the number of males to the number of females. Males/females x 100

Question 6

2. Sex Structure meaning

Answer 6

Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristic

Question 7

B. Age Composition composes of:

Answer 7

1. Median Age
2. Dependency Ratio

Question 8

1. Median Age

Answer 8

The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population

Question 9

2. Age-Dependency Ratio

Answer 9

The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups.

= Pop 0-14 yo + Pop ≥ 65 yo x 100
————————————
Pop 15-64 yo

Question 10

C. Age & Sex Composition

Answer 10

1. Population Pyramid
   -A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population

Question 11

Population pyramid
-High birth rate, high death rate, short life expectancy

Answer 11

Stage one: Expanding

Question 12

Population pyramid
-High birth date, fall in death rate, slightly longer life exapectancy

Answer 12

Stage two: Expanding

Question 13

Population pyramid
-Declining birhdate, low death rate, more people living to old age

Answer 13

Stage three: Stationary

Question 14

Population pyramid
-Low birth rate, low death rate, high dependancy ratio, longer life expectancy

Answer 14

Stage four: Contracting

Question 15

Measures how fast people are added to the population

Answer 15

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Question 16

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Answer 16

GFR = # registered l.b. in a year x 1000
_____________________
midyear population women 15-44 yo

Question 17

What are the HEALTH INDICATORS

Answer 17

-Quantitative measures
-Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population
-Usually expressed as ratios, proportions or rates

Question 18

Measures rate at which mortality occurs in a given population

Answer 18

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Question 19

Formula for Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Answer 19

CDR = total deaths in one year x 1000
____________________
midyear population

Question 20

Formula for Crude Birth Rate

Answer 20

CBR = no. of registered livebirths in year x1000
———————————————
mid-year population

Question 21

MORTALITY INDICATORS

Answer 21

CDR = total deaths in one year x 1000
___________________
total midyear population

Question 22

MORTALITY INDICATORS

Answer 22

-NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (< 28 days old)
-POST-NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE (28 days old to <1 yo)
-PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE (28 weeks gestation to 7 days)

Question 23

Maternal Mortality Rate

Answer 23

MMR =#pregnancy-related deaths in yearx1000
________________________
# of l.b. in the same year

Question 24

-a special kind of proportionate mortality ratio
-a sensitive indicator of the standards of healthcare
-Developed countries have higher compared to developing

Answer 24

SWAROOP’S INDEX
= # deaths ≥ 50 yo in a year x 100
____________________
total # of deaths

Question 25

-how much of the afflicted die from the disease
-a higher CFR means more fatal disease
-the “killing power” of a disease
-the probability of dying of a certain disease

Answer 25

of cases of the disease

CASE FATALITY RATE

deaths due to a disease x 100
____________________
# of cases of the disease

Question 26

-Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)
-Measure the burden of the disease to the community
-Assess the public health impact of a disease
-Projection of medical care needs
-Proportion with the disease at a point in time
-“point in time”: calendar time, birth, employment, retirement

Answer 26

PREVALENCE PROPORTION (ratio)

PR = # cases at a point in time  x 1000
                \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
                 # of persons examined

Question 27

Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events

Answer 27

INCIDENCE

Question 28

2 types of incidence measures

Answer 28

-Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
-Incidence density

Question 29

-Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time

Answer 29

1. Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
   CI=# cases that developed during the periodx1000
   ______________________________
   # of persons followed up (DISEASE-FREE/AT RISK!)

Question 30

-Rate at which new cases occur
-Denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop

Answer 30

2. Incidence Density (ID)|
   ID= # cases that developed during the period x F
   ________________________
   ave. pop x duration of followup

ID = # cases that developed during the period x F
____________________________
mid year pop