HEALTH IN SOCIETY Flashcards
What is the ICF?
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. It assumes health is a complex and unpredictable variable. It looks at the functioning and disability of an individual along with other environmental factors. ICF is the WHO framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels.
What are the three components of the biopsychosocial model?
Bio (physiological pathology)
Psycho (thoughts, emotions and behaviours)
Social (socio-economic, socio environmental, cultural factors)
What are the components of the international classification of functioning, disability and health?
Under human function: health condition, body structure and function, activities and participation
Under contextual factors: environmental factors, personal factors
What is the burden of disease?
Measured: the number of years lost due to disease (YLL), and the number of years lived with disability (YLD) as a result of disease.
The key metric is: Disability adjusted life years. DAILY.
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of health states in populations
The study of groups of people (populations) rather than individuals
It increases understanding of how diseases arise and how to manage eg testing the usefulness and safety of interventions, recognising health care needs, and gaining a broader understanding)
What are the principle uses of epidemiology?
To investigate the causes and natural history of diseases with the aim of secondary prevention and health promotion
The measurement of health care needs and the evaluation of clinical management, with the aim of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of health care provision
What is the incidence?
The number of new cases that occur during a defined period of time in a given population (different to prevelance) e.g. quantify the probability of rate of transition from a given pain state to a condition of increasing morbidity.
What is the bradford hill criteria when looking at causation?
The strength of the association
The consistancy of findings (same findings observed between different populations, in different study designs at different times)
Specificity of the association (there must be a one to one relationship between cause and outcome)
Temporal sequence of association (exposure must precede outcome)
Biological gradient (change in disease rates should follow from corresponding changes in exposure.
Biological plausability
Coherence (does the relationship agree with current knowledge)
Experiment (does the rempval of the exposure alter the freuency of the outcome)
What are some difficulties in finding out prevelance and incidence of pain?
Natural history pain characterised by insidious onset, episodic course, a broad spectrum of severity. Therefore difficult to identify when it starts and separating clinically significant from non-significnt conditions
What are the social determinants of health?
They are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
Numerous studies suggest that SDH account for between 30-55% of health outcomes.
What are some of the social detriments to health?
Individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions: agriculture and food production, education, work environment, living and working conditions, unemployment, water and sanitation, health care services, housing, social inclusion and non-discrimination, income, access to affordable health services of decent quality, early childhood development
Define health inequalities
The unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient:
the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health
What are some key uncertainties with health in society?
Wider economy - difficult how to predict how the UK and global economy will develop over time, overall effect on employment and income
Work environment - pay and working conditions could deterioriate
Education - recent increases in the number of people going to University may stall over time
Environmental change - carbon reduction targets may drive technological and social change, with significant health implications.
What are some key considerations with health in society?
Health is a complex interaction between individual characteristics, lifestyle, and the physical, social and economic environemnt.
Economic hardship is highly correlated with poor health
Increased levels of education are strongly and significantly related to improved health
Work related illness is decreasing, particularly among people with manual occupations
Improved housing conditions and greater access to green spaces should have a positive impact of health
Climate change is predicted to have positive and negative implications.
What are the physical activity guidelines for adults?
150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week.
