HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS & INTERVENTION: EQ1 Flashcards
What is meant by development?
The process of growth, hopefully for the better
What are the 3 common ways of measuring development?
- GDP - Gross Domestic Product
- HDI - Human Development Index
- HPI - Happy Planet Index
What is the most common economic development indicator?
GDP
What is a common social development indicator?
HPI - Happy Planet Index
What measures do economists believe are best when measuring development?
- however, what may others believe?
That traditional measures are best because they are based on objective, measurable data
- that these measures do not accurately assess the full range of human well-being
What is the definition of GDP?
- how is it calculated?
- what does a high GDP suggest?
- what does this indicator fail to do?
(give examples)
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
- combines value of all finished goods produced together with value of
services - suggests a high-earning population and productive workforce, which aids advances in health and life expectancy
FAILS TO:
- show disparity between rich & poor
(masks the income gap between the rich and the poor)
- subsistence agriculture not included (even though this provides for many)
- doesn’t consider the informal
economy
(e.g. 94% of Uganda’s population work in untaxed jobs)
What is the definition of HPI?
- It shows the extent to which…?
- what 3 factors is it based on & explain them?
- what is the score between?
- what are countries with a low HPI considered as?
- It is the only measure that takes into account what?
- what are the criticisms of the HPI?
A composite measure of sustainable well-being
- the extent to which countries deliver long, happy & sustainable lives for the people who live in there
Based on:
1. Experienced well-being
(how satisfied people are with their lives)
2. Life expectancy
(how long people live for on average)
3. Ecological footprint per capita
(amount of land needed to sustain the country’s resource consumption)
- score between 0-100
- low HPI score= least developed countries
- only measure that takes into account environmental sustainability
CRITICISMS OF HPI:
- well-being in highly subjective
- ecological footprints of least developed countries could be lower= citizens can’t afford to buy lots of material objects
What is the definition of HDI?
- when and who created it
- what does it show?
- what 3 important dimensions of the development process does it take into account?
- what are 2 useful aspects of HDI?
A socio-economic measure of development
- created in 1990 by the UN
- shows the state of global development
1. Life expectancy (indicator of health & well-being)
2. Adult Literacy rate (years of schooling)
3. Economic growth (per capita income) - relies on statistical data that are collected frequently & widely at a national level
- bc of this can be used to monitor development progress over a year or period of years
What country had the highest HPI score in 2021 meaning it’s the happiest and most sustainable country?
Costa Rica
What is economic growth frequently based on?
- what does this have an impact on?
- what does this explain about development objectives?
The exploitation of natural resources
- has an impacts on the environment
- explains why improvements in environmental quality are not always cited as a development objective
What 2 other models challenge western model for measuring development?
- Sharia law
- Bolivia under Morales
The Sharia law
- what is it?
- what are some of the laws muslims must adhere to?
- what is it incompatible with?
- give examples of what you can be punished for & strict rules?
- What is interesting about some the countries that apply to this law?
(give examples of these countries)
A legal system which controls aspects of life within Muslim countries
- Prayer
- Fasting
- Donations
- Incompatible with the UN’s perception of human rights
- women can be beaten for being disobedient
- converting from Islam is punishable by death
- women can only have 1 husband but men can have up to 4 wives
- some of these countries are some of the world’s richest nations
- e.g. Saudi Arabia, Qatar & UAE
Bolivia under Morales:
- what does Bolivia show in terms of intervention?
- who is Morales?
- what is he widely known for?
- what is his popularity based on?
- what has this done to the people of Bolivia?
- what % did illiteracy rates fall to?
- what % did poverty fall by?
- What does Bolivia still remain?
- What type of model is Morales model?
CRITICISMS:
- what does the model have?
- what does it have little to say about?
(give examples)
- Shows the importance of intervention by the national government
- Bolivia’s first indigenous president
- widely known for his anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist power of speech that he expresses to the country
- exploitation of Bolivia’s natural gas and mineral resources and sharing the derived wealth among the people
- Half a million Bolivians have been lifted out of poverty
- illiteracy rates fell to 5%
- poverty fell by 43%
- one of the poorest countries in Latin America
- a socialist one
CRITICISMS:
- has a rather limited view of development
- the more ‘human’ aspects of development - e.g. education, equal opportunities or freedom of speech
What view is there on development?
- what 4 things should development focus on instead?
That there is more to it than just economic indicators
Development should focus on:
- Health
- Life expectancy
- Education
- Human rights
Rosling felt that future goals must improve on? (3 things)
- how did he believe these goals could be achieved?
- what can governments do through economic growth?
- what did Rosling also stress & and what does this do to economic growth?
- Environmental quality (e.g. air and water quality)
- The health and life expectancy of the poorest
- Human rights (e.g. rights for women)
- these goals could be achieved through economic growth with a good and stable government
- through economic growth governments can invest in healthcare and education
- he stressed that achieving these 3 goals empowers people to become more economically successful - driving economic growth forward
What is improvements in environmental quality seen as? However what is economic growth based on and what can it cause?
Vital to the well-being of both the physical world and its inhabitants
HOWEVER
Economic growth is frequently based on the exploitation of natural resources - which can cause detrimental impacts on the environment
What are human rights?
The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every human in the world
What is seen as central to economic development (human capital) and to the understanding and assertion of human rights?
Education
Education:
What does investing in education create?
- and what is this crucial for?
- what does investing in education & health increase?
- what does this facilitate (make easier)?
- what 4 things comes under this?
- how does education enable a longer life?
- how does education help in terms of human rights & democracy?
A literate and skilled workforce
- crucial for countries wanting to economically develop
- Increases the value of human capital (economic, political, cultural and social skills within a country)
This facilitates more economic & social development:
1. Better Jobs
2. Higher wages
3. More disposable income
4. Increased quality of life
- teaches people about personal health, hygiene and Diet
- able to control their family size which knowledge of contraception
- education allows people to understand and assert their human rights and how to become involved in decision making
What is education like in developed countries?
Children attend primary and secondary school with many progressing to higher education
What is education like in developing countries?
Many children aged 2-14 are working rather than attending school
- some helping with family farms (e.g. Indonesia)
- and some helping in manufacturing (e.g. Bangladesh)
What was estimated in 2013 by the UN about the amount of children of primary school or lower secondary school age that did not attend school?
- what gender were the majority?
59 million
- majority were girls
How many countries signed the UN’s international Bill of Human Rights that recognises the right to free primary education?
- was has this done to the number of children worldwide attending school?
163 countries
- It has improved
What do some developing countries have that restrict education to girls?
Strict female freedoms
What does UNESCO stand for?
- what is its aim?
- what does UNESCO see education as?
- what else do they believe can be achieved due to education?
- UNESCO estimates that education is inaccessible for … primary aged children?
- where in the world does this impact children the most?
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
- to ‘ensure that very child, boy or girl, has access to quality education as a fundamental human right and as a prerequisite for human development’
- the main ‘driver’ for development
- gender equality
- education is inaccessible for 60 million children
- children in Sub-Saharan Africa
What are the barriers to education? (4 barriers)
- Gender discrimination
- most commonly caused by early marriage, pregnancy, religion - Extremism
- extreme religious groups often prevent children, especially females, from accessing education (e.g. Taliban in Afghanistan & Pakistan) - Cultural Identity
- some cultures state that the sexes should be separated where possible
- so lack of female teachers= less education for girls - Poverty
- some families prevent their children from attending school, instead sending them to work from an early age
Which famous women fought for the right for girls to have an education in Pakistan?
- what does her story illustrate?
- what did she win for this?
- In much of Africa and South Asia, the female literacy rate is … below that for males
Malala Yousafzai
- illustrates the ignorance and violence that prevents females from exercising their right to education in Pakistan
- she won a nobel peace prize
- more than 1/4
Where in the world is most population growth coming from? and why
Asia & Africa
- because this is where majority of the developing countries are
By 2050 which continent is likely to see the highest population growth? and why
Africa
What does life expectancy help to show us?
The differences in health around the world
What countries tend to have life expectancies of over 80 years?
Richer countries - normally developed countries
What countries tend to have life expectancies between 50-60 years?
Poorer countries with the worst health - normally developing countries
Health & Life expectancy in Developing countries:
- what 4 main factors make these worse? and why?
1.
- what does a low GDP cause?
- give examples of what some countries struggle to invest in
- what might some people have to do to access healthcare? (e.g. where from?)
2.
- what leaves a population more open to diseases?
- and to who especially?
3.
- what are common in developing countries?
- why are these factors more common in developing countries? (explain using a flow diagram)
- what does this affect development?
- Poor healthcare
- lower GDP per capita= countries struggle to invest in their healthcare
(e.g. vaccines, equipment, medical training)
- some may have to travel a long way to access healthcare (e.g. to urban areas) - Food insecurity
- malnutrition
- especially the vulnerable (e.g. young children & pregnant women) - Poor access to clean water
- waterborne diseases (e.g. cholera) - Poor sanitation
- allows for diseases to be spread
Population growth= increase pressure on resources (food, water, living spaces & infrastructure)= causes widespread poverty & overcrowding= cause health issues to persist
- will make development in these areas harder
