DIVERSE PLACES: How do population structures vary? (EQ1) Flashcards
What is birth rate?
Number of live births per 1000 women per year
What is morality rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is general fertility rate?
Number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 15-44 years
What is total fertility rate?
Average number of children born to a women during her lifetime
what is Immigration?
People coming into the country to stay
What is Emigration?
People moving out of the country to live elsewhere
What is Net migration?
The difference between Immigration and Emigration from one country
What is natural increase?
When births exceed deaths
What is natural decrease?
When deaths exceed births
True or False: The UK’s population has grown every year since 1983
True
True or False: The UK’s population grows more because of net migration than natural increase
True
How has the population in the UK grown over the last 50 years? (even or unevenly)
why and where?
Unevenly - some regions grow rapidly (London & South East) whilst others have grown more slowly (NE England)
UK factfile:
Population (2025)
Population growth rate
Life expectancy
Birth rate
Death rate
Fertility rate
Population (2015)= Approx 65 million
Population growth rate= 0.8%
Life expectancy= 81.2 years
Birth rate= 11.9/1000
Death rate= 9.3/1000
Fertility rate= 1.82
What % of UK population live in urban areas
80%
What % of the land area in the UK is urban?
11%
By how much (number of people) has the population in the UK gone up by in the last 50 years?
With the fastest rate of increase in the last …years
Over 10 million people
15 years
What 2 things happened in the 1960s which cause an annual population growth rate of 0.61%? and why
‘baby boom’ - More children being born in 1945 after WW2
- economy was growing strongly
- encouraged families to have children bc they could afford to bring them up & future looked good
Immigration from the Caribbean
- encouraged by UK government as larger workforce was needed to fuel economic growth
What happened to the annual population growth in the 1970s and 1980s? and what happened?
Annual population growth slowed as economy weakened
- recession, deindustrialisation & higher unemployment occurred
- fertility rates decreased (females entered employment & followed careers)
- few job opportunities to attract migrants
What occurred during the 1990s?
A period of social and economic adjustment
- growth rate increased a bit
- due to ‘baby boomers’ having their children
What happened in the 2000s and what was the annual population growth rate?
Population growth increased significantly again
Annual population growth rate= 0.64%
- UK economy moved away from secondary to tertiary sector
- Waves of international immigrants entered the country
- Birth rate increased (young immigrants having children)
- Death rate slowly declined (better health care)
What happened in 2008 and what did it cause?
Recession:
- causing wages to stagnate (stand still) or decrease
Today, what’s the main reason for population growth in the UK?
Immigration
What is the rural-urban continuum and does it exist in the UK?
Yes
High densities of inner urban areas & low densities of the romotest rural areas
What is population density?
The number of people per unit area (km2)
What factors affect urban population densities?
- Physical environment
- Socioeconomic status
- Household size
- Functions
- Planning
What one factor shows evidence for the rural-urban continuum?
Population density
Reasons for rapid population growth in the South East:
- Better job opportunities
- Location- easier to access from continental Europe, more well-known
- Bigger population means increased investment & more services
Reasons for slow population growth in the North-East & Wales
- Less job opportunities for young people
- Loss of heavy industrial activity
- Fewer people means less investment so loss of services
Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England?
Social:
- longer average life expectancy
- falling mortality rate bc of better services
Economic:
- many workers from industrial areas move to LDN to find better work
- Has highly qualified workers so an increase in economy
Demographic:
- LNDs booming economy has led to rapid internal migration
- Internal migration from young graduates + international migration
Migration:
- Net international migration
- Accession 8= free flows of people between the countries in the EU
Fastest population growth:
- LDN boroughs are also increasing in population
- LDN has a fast population growth that is ever growing
Reasons for London’s growth & success?
- Ports for trade e.g. goods from South Africa which created Jobs
- Global finance hub
(large number & variety of financial services institutions are headquartered) - Better job opportunities (highly skilled= more money)
- Many connections & networks (e.g. government & finance here)
- Massive transport links (e.g. six major airports) so people can travel easily into London without having to live here= helps LDNs growth
Where is the most and least populated areas in the UK?
Most= London
Least= Cumbria
What does population structure refer to?
The composition of the population of a particular country, region or area.
Includes: age, gender, life expectancy, etc
What 2 main factors affect population change?
Natural change:
- natural increase
- natural decrease
Net migration:
- Immigration
- Emigration
Why can population pyramids be helpful?
Provides pointers for how the population is likely to change in the future
What can population pyramids be used to highlight?
Changes in age & gender
Do urban or rural areas tend to have younger populations?
Urban
In developed countries like the UK, is it accessible for all ages and backgrounds to have the opportunity to live and work in any rural or urban place?
If so, why?
Yes - due to modern communications networks (e.g. broadband, and the flexible location of many tertiary jobs)
What 4 factors influence population density? and why?
- Historical development
- Industrial revolution= smaller houses close to work= higher pop densities - Physical factors
- flatter, low-lying land= higher pop densities - Accessibility
- More accessible= higher pop density - Planning policies
- UK Green belt policy aims to prevent urban sprawl= by keeping land around major urban areas open and undeveloped= inner city areas become densely populated
What is the population densities like in these areas:
- CBD
- Inner city
- Suburbs
- Urban Rural fringe
CBD= low density due to commercial activity & public buildings
Inner city= High density terrace housing (some replaced by re-developed social housing but still high density)
Suburbs= low density interwar housing, mainly semi-detached (1918-1939)
Urban Rural fringe= high density
- due to greenbelt being established to stop urban sprawl
- so government build on these areas as housing is needed
Changes in UK rural areas:
1. What do rural settlements mostly consist of?
2. What is the main function?
3. Why might some types of villages have a clear land use pattern?
4. What did rural settlements use to consist of?
5. What have many traditional rural communities turned into?
- Villages found in dispersed areas of the countryside (fewer than 10,000 people)
- Housing, but may have some services such as a pub, post office, church and a village shop
- Because they have been suburbanised by commuters moving in
- Farms, villages for farm workers, services linked to farming and market towns
- Commuter villages
What factors have caused traditional rural communities to change to commuter villages?
- increased mechanisation of farming= reducing need for farmworkers
- wider variety of job opportunities for young rural adults
- development of faster transport networks and widespread car ownership
What has suburbanisation converted?
Rural land into urban settlements - process that is usually irreversible
In which type of rural settlement does suburbanisation usually happen in?
Accessible rural zones
What is the population structure like in remote rural areas?
Ageing farm population with fewer young adults to take over
Why do villages become depopulated?
Young adults move out to towns and cities
- for a wider variety of jobs with better pay
What have farmers had to do in rural areas due to agricultural changes?
And what are these agricultural changes?
Farmers have diversified to have a wider economic base= due to food prices falling or becoming uncertain
What have farmers done to diversify in rural areas to earn additional income due to agricultural changes?
Ways of diversifying:
1. Tourism
- offering B&Bs or farm stays
2. Recreational activities
- pony trekking
3. Renewable energy
- wind turbines
4. Converting barns into workshops/shops
5. Selling land for housing
What is happening in accessible rural areas and what is it leading to?
Counter-urbanisation - leading to population growth as more people move in from cities
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people from urban areas into rural areas
Pros + Cons of counter-urbanisation:
+ keep services open
+ less congestion
+ safer
+ international migrants working in agriculture
- shops may become more expensive farm shops
- new homes built on greenfields
- smaller local shops cannot compete
- 2nd home ownership
- rural areas have become centres of retirement= adding to the ageing population structure
Changes in UK urban areas:
1. What are urban settlements?
2. What do urban settlements have a range of?
3. What do urban settlement have in terms of city structure?
4. How can the structure of urban settlements be represented + example?
- Built-up areas (over 10,000 people) with many functions and services
- residential areas
- shops
- hospitals
- schools
- Industries
- transport hbs
-offices
- Clear structure based on land-use zones
- By urban models (e.g. Burgess & Hoyt)
What’s it called when people gather in part of an area/city in another country based on ethnicity, economics, or religion?
Ethnic clustering
Urban areas in the 1960s:
1. What did the national government encourage? How many came and why?
2. What parts of an area do Immigrants mainly move into and why?
3. What were suburban industrial parks built for?
4 What were developed to relieve the problem of over-population in London?
5. Where did richer people start to live, and what did this mean for their work?
6. What was their little investment in to cities during the war
7. What was happening to the quality of living conditions in cities? And what was build to improve this?
8. What was found out about the tower blocks built in the 60s/70s?
- Immigration (Almost 500,000 people came to fill the many jobs available)
- Inner urban areas
- It was where they could afford housing
- or found people of a similar background already settled - Economic hubs
- central points for business & industry - ‘New towns’ e.g. Milton Keynes, 1967
- Towns & rural areas outside the city, so could easily commute to work using cheap rail travel
- Infrastructure & housing stock
- It was Declining, so social houses were built (1950s) for people with low wages after the war
- They were poorly designed & constructed (e.g. Grenfell tower lacked safety regulations)
Urban areas in the 1970s:
1. What happened to economic conditions in some UK cities?
2. What type of jobs decreased? and what did this cause? + example of a city
3. What was done during the redevelopment of urban areas?
4. What happened to London’s population? and why?
- It worsened
- Secondary jobs, so caused people to move away from declining cities
(e.g. Manchester due to its decline in industrial importance, prompting a depression in social and economic conditions) - Demolishing older terraced housing & factories
- Then replacing them with high-rise flats (inner urban areas) or council estates (suburbs)
- It shrank= some government offices moving out to areas with economic decline(e.g. NE England)= reduced rates of Immigration
Urban areas in the 1980s:
1. What happened which affected the whole country?
2. What were the impacts?
3. What has reduced the number of jobs in factories, ports and warehouses?
4. What did the national government set up? And what did they do?
5. Give an example of one redevelopment scheme in London
6. What term is used when an inner urban place becomes similar to the CBD
- A global economic recession
- Many factories closed (deindustrialisation)= leaving behind derelict buildings in the CBD
- TNCs, the ‘container’ revolution in transporting cargo
- (UDCs) Urban development corporations which undertook large-scale redevelopment of inner-city areas
- London Docklands, 1981
- and became the largest redevelopment scheme in the world - Assimilation
What year did Counter-urbanisation start to occur? And what is it?
1980s
- Migration from urban areas to the rural-urban fringe and accessible rural areas
- And commuting to work by railway or motorway
Push factors for Urban areas:
- High crime rates
- Poor-quality housing
- Overcrowding
- Air pollution
- Deprivation
- Derelict land and buildings
Pull factors for rural areas:
- Lower crime rates
- Green open spaces
- Lower air pollution
- Less crowding
- Higher quality of life
Urban areas in the 1990s:
1. What was said about the high-rise flats built during the 60s & 70s?
2. What patterns changes during this time? And what did this cause?
3. What is meant by suburbanisation?
4. What began due to the suburbanisation of retailing?
5. Why does London attract young adult workers?
- That they were a failure= antisocial, focal point for crime, infested with rodents and bugs, poorly built
- Consumer patterns- so high streets had been declining as people prefered more accessible suburban town centres
- A population shift from historic core cities or rural areas into suburbs
- The regeneration of city centres
5.
- better job opportunities, entertainment & other services
During the 1990s what caused the UK’s population growth?
Net migration
What causes many people to Emigrate from their countries, especially in Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East?
Political & economic instability
Urban areas in the 2000s:
1. What had suburbanisation established?
+ give examples
2. What big thing happened in Europe that increased the UK’s population growth?
3. Why did this cause population growth?
4. What did this do to UK towns and cities?
5. What happened in 2007/8? And what did it promote?
6. What did this lead to people doing in the UK?
- Functions around edges of UK cities, e.g.
- Retail parks
- Industrial parks
- Out-of-town shopping centres - New rules about freedom of movement within the EU allowed immigration from countries joining the EU after 2004 and 2007
- People came over for better-paid jobs in UK cities and rural areas
- Increased cultural diversity
- The 2007/8 financial collapse- which promoted a worldwide recession
- Led to internal migration in the UK for those searching for work
Urban areas in the 2010s:
1. What did the recession continue to affect?
2. What slowed in the UK?
3. What things continued to grow?
4. What happened in 2012 that attracted new business and young adults?
- Certain sectors of the economy (e.g. construction & consumer spending patterns)
- Redevelopment
3.
- Suburbanisation
- Immigration - The hosting of the Olympic Games
What do population characteristics vary in?
Gender & Ethnicity
What’s an example of a country with a gender imbalance? and why
China (more females than males)
- Due to the ‘One Child Policy’
- causing couples to abandon daughters bc they favoured having sons
Why may urban areas have more males than females?
+ example
Industries located there
e.g. the offshore oil industry in Aberdeen (NE Scotland) is dominated by male employees
What do coastal areas have higher rates of?
- where especially?
- what else may they have more of?
Elderly people
- especially in the South coast & East coast of England
- more women as women tend to live longer than men
Are there more male or female international economic migrants? and why?
- what other 2 things do these migrants cause to the local area?
Male - more likely to get a job compared to females
- Inner city areas have more young male immigrants
- The ethnic diversity of a place to increase
What do urban areas attract more of? and why?
International migrants
- Better job opportunities
- Cater for a wider range of cultural needs
What has wider ethnic diversity? The inner city or the suburbs
Inner city
What 4 things are the extent of ethnicity & cultural diversity of places within the UK driven by?
(explain why)
- Social clustering of immigrants
- availability of cheaper housing
- feeling of safety created by an already established community (shared language, religion and culture) - Pull of accessible cities
- more job opportunities in Britain’s major cities (e.g. London, Birmingham) - Physical factors in remote rural areas
- make accessibility harder - Government policies
- free movement of EU citizens 1995 (no. of international migrants doubled)
- skills shortages in knowledge-based industries force companies to recruit people overseas
Pull of accessible cities: Why are ethnic migrant groups more concentrated in Britain’s major cities? (e.g. London, Birmingham)
More job opportunities
What is meant by studentification?
- what is this a form of?
- what can students do to an area?
The influx of students into a neighbourhood can lead to studentification of an area
- Internal migration
- bring more services, e.g. fast-food outlets
What’s an example of social clustering of an area leading to it being renamed?
China town - Chinese communities and businesses had settled in the area in the late 18th century
- Chinese sailors began working here for British shipping companies
