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Biology > Health Disease Amd The Debelopment Of Medicines > Flashcards

Health Disease Amd The Debelopment Of Medicines Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s the definition of disease…

A

When your body isn’t functioning as it should

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microbes that causes disease

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens ?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Plasmodium- causes malaria

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4
Q

What’s tuberculosis?

A

A lung infection

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5
Q

What are the 4 categories of disease.
Whats each caused by.
Example of each

A

Infections - caused by pathogens- flu
Deficiency disease- caused by lack of nutrients- scurvy
Inhereted diseases- caused by a faulty gene- cystic fibrosis
Body disorders- many causes- diabetes,cancer

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6
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cells dividing rapidly

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7
Q

What’s a group of cancerous cells called?

A

A tumour

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8
Q

What are the two types of tumor and what do they mean?

A

Benign - not spread to other tissues ( not usually dangerous)
Malignant- spread to other tissues ( dangerous)

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9
Q

What made cancer survival rates increase?

A

Better treatments
Better diagnoses
Better public health awareness

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10
Q

What’s atherosclerosis?

A

The Hardening of arteries

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11
Q

What’s artherosclerosis caused by?

A

Caused by a build up of yellow fatty deposits called plaques.

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12
Q

What do plaques do that make them dangerous?

A

Build up until they restrict or even block blow flow coming through arteries

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13
Q

Where are plaques particularly likely?

A

Plaques are particularly likely in coronary and carotid arteries

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14
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs used to help break down plaques

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15
Q

How’s the fatty deposit ( artherone) built up.?

A

Cells gather chemicals from the blood including cholesterol

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16
Q

What’s an aneurysm?

A

Blood built up behind a blockage causing the artery wall to bulge and weaken. This increases the chance of the wall splitting and internal bleeding to occur

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17
Q

What’s bad about high blood pressure ?

A

Causes damadge to organs such as kidneys,eyes and brain

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18
Q

What’s a heart attack also known as?

A

A myocardial infarction

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19
Q

Symptoms of a heart attack include…

A

Severe chest pain
Pain spreading into jaw and arms
Constant and sudden pains

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20
Q

What’s a stroke?

A

Interruption of blood supply to the brain

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21
Q

Symptoms of strokes…

A

Dizziness
Confusion
Blurred vision
Slurred speech

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22
Q

Factors increasing risk of cardiovascular disease…

A

Diet
Gender
Age
Inheritance
Smoking
Physical inactivity

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23
Q

Definition of risk..

A

The probability of some unwanted event happening that may cause harm

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24
Q

Who discovered we should wash our hands?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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25
Q

Why was ignaz Semmelweis not listened to?

A

He needed more evidence
He couldn’t prove why the bacteria killes

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26
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

A

Bacteria actually cause disease

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27
Q

What idea did Joseph lister develop

A

You should sanitize your surgical tools after use

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28
Q

What’s a vector?

A

An organism that can carry disease

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29
Q

What is bacterium?

A

A bacteria is a non invasive pathogen that replicates and releases toxins that make a person ill.

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30
Q

What is the bacteria’s goal?

A

To live on your body

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31
Q

How is it useful that bacteria don’t go into cells?

A

Because antibiotics can work on them, they kill the bacteria not the cell

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32
Q

Give examples of 2 bacterial diseases…

A

Salmonella
Ghonorrea

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33
Q

Symptoms and causes of salmonella…

A

Cause- through contamination of water or food
Symptoms- diorreah, fever and stomach cramps within 8-72 hours after exposure

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34
Q

How salmonella spreads and is treated…

A

Spread- salmonella spreads through a person contaminating food due to poor hygiene
Treatments- usually doesn’t need treatment, antibiotics if is severe

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35
Q

Symptoms and causes of ghonnoreah

A

Cause - by unprotected vaginal or oral sex
Symptoms - yellow / green discharge, burn in pains when urinating

36
Q

How ghonnorea is spread and treated..

A

Spread- through sexual contact with infected partner
Treatments- antibiotics

37
Q

What is a virus?

A

A virus is a pathogen that invades the cells of a human, replicates and releases toxins into a person, making them ill.

38
Q

Why are they untreatable with antibiotics ?

A

Because they go into cells

39
Q

What are the 3 viral diseases?

A

HIV
TOBBACO MOSIC VIRUS
MEASLES

40
Q

Symptoms / causes of HIV….

A

Symptoms - mild like flu symptoms
Causes- unprotected sex, contamination of blood e.g with needles

41
Q

How’s HIV spread and treated?

A

Spread- through anal or vaginal sex, sharing needles or syringes
How’s HIV treated- HIV is treated through antiretroviral medicines

42
Q

Causes and symptoms of measles…

A

Cause-by a virus
Symptoms- runny nose, cough ,rash ,fever

43
Q

Hows measles spread/ treated?

A

Spread - through air particles, coughs or sneezes
Treated- drinking liquid and resting

44
Q

Are viruses living or non living ?

A

Viruses are non-living

45
Q

The two types of ways viruses can grow….

A

Lytic pathway
Lysogenically

46
Q

How does a virus grow lyctically ?

A

Virus attaches itself to specific host cell
Virus injects its genetic material into the cell
The virus uses proteins and enzymes in the host to make more copies of itself
This eventually makes the cell split open and release the virus

47
Q

How does a virus grow lysogenically?

A

Virus attaches itself to specific host cell
Genetic material from virus is incorporated into the dna of a cell
The host cell divides normal and as it does so it replicates viral genetic material. However the virus remains dormant and no new viruses are made
Eventuality a trigger e,g a chemical, causes the virus to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway

48
Q

What type of virus is hiv?

A

HIV is a lysogenic virus

49
Q

What type of cells does HIV infect?

A

CD4 CELLS

50
Q

Why is it bad that HIV takes over CD4 cells?

A

Because CD4 cells coordinate your immune system, as a result of it being destroyed by HIV, you can die from a common cold.

51
Q

Why is HIV so hard to treat?

A

HIV is hard to treat because it replicates rapidly, it accidentally creates different mutations of itself that vaccines are unable to treat.

52
Q

What are our 5 defences against microbes?

A

Enzymes in our tears kill bacteria on the surface of the eye
Hydrochloric acid on our stomach kills bacteria
Skin acts as a waterproof barrier
Hairs and mucus in the nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
Breathing organs have hairs and produce mucus that covers the lining, to trap pathogens

53
Q

What needs to happen to microbes that enter our body?

A

Need to be neutralised or killed

54
Q

How do we neutralise microbes?

A

White blood cells

55
Q

3 processed in which we neutralise or kill microbes using white blood cells.

A

White blood cells ingest the microbes. These are phagocytes
White blood cells that tag onto Anitigens and help phagocytes find them
Some lymphocytes stay in blood to trigger a rapid production of antibodies if the same pathogens return

56
Q

What’s neutralisation ?

A

Stopping them from reproducing

57
Q

What’s agglutination?

A

Sticking them together to they can be killed more easily

58
Q

Process in which antibodies are produced …

A

The white blood cell sees the pathogen
The cell produces antibodies to fit the pathogen
Antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to clump
Pathogens are ingested by the white blood cell

59
Q

How are antibodies specific?

A

They will neutralise the microbe they are designed for

60
Q

How can we prevent the spread of diseases?

A

Crop rotatiions
Wear a face mask
Safe sex
Wash hands
Remove pests
Isolate infected people

61
Q

What does MMR stand for

A

Measles, Mumps, Rubella

62
Q

What’s herd immunity?

A

Protection given to a population against an outbreak of a specific disease, when a very high percentage of the population has been vaccinated against it

63
Q

What does the R value measure

A

The amount of people that get infected from one sick person

64
Q

What do vaccinations contain?

A

Dead or inactive cells

65
Q

What happens when a vaccine is introduced to the body?

A

The body is stimulated to make antibodies

66
Q

What do the antibodies do?

A

Destroy the pathogen, and now the body knows how to make the right antibodies for the future

67
Q

Why do people often not get vaccines?

A

Side effects
Allergic

68
Q

Why do we need to develop new medicines?

A

Combat new diseases
Diseases may have developed resistance or mutated. Old medicine becomes ineffective
To be more effective and with less side effects then previous medication
For patients who may be allergic to available medicines. Eg: penecin

69
Q

What’s the placebo pill?

A

A fake drug to test against the real one

70
Q

What’s the control?

A

The thing you keep the same

71
Q

What does it mean if something is reliable ?

A

Constantly works

72
Q

How’s a new medicine developed ?

A
  1. A disease is chosen and possible new medicines are made in a lab
  2. Tested in the lab on cells tissues and organs
  3. Tested on animals
  4. Tested on healthy human volunteers
  5. Tested on human volunteers with the disease
  6. Medicine passes all the legal tests and is licencd. Can now be administered by doctors
73
Q

What are the two categories of drugs?

A

Treatment ( stop the disease )
Relief (pain relief)

74
Q

What’s antibiotic resistance?

A

Where bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics

75
Q

What makes a good medicine?

A

Effective
Stable
Safe
Successfully taken into and removed from body

76
Q

What drug caused birth defects?

A

Thalidomide

77
Q

How do monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies differ?

A

Monoclonal antibodies - collection of a single type of antibody, is isolated and cloned

Polyclonal antibody- collection of many types of antibodies

78
Q

Example of how monoclonal antibodies are formed…

A

1.A mouse experiences immunisation
2.Its antibody forming cells are produced
3. Combine that with a tumor to form a hybridoma
4. Grow hybridoms and farm them

79
Q

Ways detergent needed for monoclonal antibodies to form?

A

Detergent added to the mixture breaks down sell-surface membranes on both cells. This helps them fuse

80
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies …

A

Diagnostic tool for aids
Vaccines
Lateral flow tests such as covid and pregnancy tests

81
Q

Why’s genetic engineering needed for monoclonal antibodies?

A

Because it humanises the hybridomas- replacing much of the antibody with the corresponding human antibody structure. This stops cells from triggering an immune system response in a patient

82
Q

How do lupin plants protect themselves?

A

Lupin plants produce poisonous chemicals called alkaloids.
These follow a circadian rhythm (production in the morning and stops at night )

83
Q

How do potatoes protect them selves from disease?

A

Potatoes produce a chemical that kills pathogens
Scientists are trying to produce more potatoes that are resistant to potatoe blight

84
Q

How do foxgloves protect them selves ?

A

They have a chemical called digoxin which affects how the heart beats

85
Q

How can foxgloves be used in medical ways?

A

The digoxin found within them can be used at low doses in hospitals to treat heart problems

86
Q

How can symptoms of disease such as pain and fever be treated by a plant?

A

Willow trees produce aspirin which can reduce symptoms of disease such as pain and fever

87
Q

Where is Callose deposited?

A

Callose is deposited between the cell wall and cell membrane

In the cells next to infected cells

Acts as a barrier, prevents pathogen from entering sites around the infected area

Biology (7 decks)

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