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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s meiosis

A

The dna replicated then divides itself twice to form 4 haploids , 4 separate daughter cells

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2
Q

What’s mitosis

A

DNA replicates then divides to form 2 diploids, 2 identical daughter cells

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3
Q

Stages of mitosis
Remember IPMATC

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokenisis
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4
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46
2 pairs of 23

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5
Q

What’s a diploid?

A

A cell that has 46 chromosomes

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6
Q

What’s a haploid?

A

A cell with 23 chromosomes

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7
Q

What’s the result of mitosis ?

A

2 identical daughter cells these are diploids

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8
Q

Result of meiosis

A

4 non identical daughter cells , these are diploids (23 chromosomes pairs 92 in total )

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9
Q

What’s Gregor Mendel known for?

A

He realised traits can skip generations, found dominant and recessive alleles

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10
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of a gene

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11
Q

What’s a dominant allele?

A

Only needs to be present on one allele to control the characteristics

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12
Q

What’s a recessive allele?

A

Needs to be present on both to control the characteristic ( phenome)

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13
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

You carry two different alleles. Eg. Aa

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14
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Carry the same allele eg. aa or AA

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15
Q

What’s a nucleotide

A

A sugar phosphate base

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16
Q

What are the complementary base pairs

A

A,t
C,g

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17
Q

A polymer is…

A

Many repeating units

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18
Q

Bases are connnected with…

A

Hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between a,t

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

How meant Hydrogen bonds are between g,c

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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21
Q

What’s a sequence of 3 bases called

A

A codon

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22
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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23
Q

What type of molecules are proteins?

A

Macromolecules (polymer)

24
Q

What are the monomers of protein
Monomer = one unit

A

Different amino acids

25
Q

What happens to the amino acid chain when it’s done

A

Folds up to a certain shape. Shape determines size of the protein

26
Q

4 things proteins are used for….

A

Structural components
Catalysts
Hormones
Antibodies

27
Q

Stages of protein synthesis…

A

Transcription
Translation

28
Q

What is transcription?

A

Taking a single gene of dna and copying it into the structure of mRNA

29
Q

What’s translation?

A

mRNA is used as a template to form an amino acid chain

30
Q

Where does the mRNA travel to once it’s made

A

Ribosomes

31
Q

Where is RNA polymerase attached to?

A

A gene in the region that doesn’t code for a protein

32
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Separates 2 strands of dna by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the pairs

33
Q

What bases does the mRNA strand have?

A

Still g,c however in a,t T gets replaced by u
G,C. A,U

34
Q

Where does the mRNA exit through when transcription is complete

A

Nuclear pores

35
Q

What does mRNA attach too?

A

Ribosomes

36
Q

What molecule is the amino acid collected by?

A

tRNA ( transfer RNA)

37
Q

What happens when ribosomes combine amino acids

A

A polypeptide chain is formed . Some proteins need multiple polypeptide chains to be formed

38
Q

What are genetic disorders?

A

Inherited conditions in humans

39
Q

What’s polydactyl?

A

Born with extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele

40
Q

Is cystic fibrosis caused by a dominant or reccesive allele?

A

Recessive

41
Q

What s a gene?

A

a series of bases on a DNA molecule which codes for a series of amino acids in a

42
Q

What’s a chromosome?

A

A thin strand of dna

43
Q

What’s a phenotype ?

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

44
Q

What’s a genotype ?

A

The alleles behind a certain trait

45
Q

What’s asexual reproduction?

A

Where one parent can produce a new life

46
Q

Where does asexual reproduction often happen?

A

Fungi
Bacteria

47
Q

Is meiosis or mitosis used for asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis used used for asexual reproduction as two identical diploid cells are made.

48
Q

What does parthenogenesis mean?

A

The ability to reproduce asexually.
Unfertilised egg develops into new individual
It’s very rare

49
Q

What’s an example of something that can reproduce asexually?

A

Aphids, also known as greenfly can reproduce asexually

50
Q

How to know if something is asexually reproductive ?

A

There’s no fusion of gametes
Genes from only one parent
Offspring show no variation and are identical

51
Q

Describe the structure of RNA.

A

Single stranded
Ribose sugar
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Adenine, uracil,cytosine, guanine

52
Q

What are the 3 main types or rna? What do they do

A

Messenger rna (mRNA)- Transfers dna to code for ribosomes
Transfer rna ( (tRNA) bring amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA ( rRNA)- ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein

53
Q

What do gene mutations result from?

A

Changes in a singlegene

54
Q

What do chromosomal mutations result from?

A

Changes in whole chromosomes

55
Q

What’s a point mutation?

A

Affects one nucleotide, thus occurring at a single point on a gene

56
Q

What’s frameshift mutation?

A

Inserting an extra nucleotide or deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to shift

Biology (7 decks)

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