Health And Disease T5

Question 1

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 1

They can be spread between organisms

Question 2

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 2

They cannot spread between organisms

Question 3

What are allergies?

Answer 3

Allergies can be trigger by an immune reaction to a pathogen

Question 4

What is HIV?

Answer 4

A disease which supresses the immune system

Question 5

What are viruses?

Answer 5

Viruses are tiny, non-living particles
reproduce rapidly within the body
They invade host cells and use them to make more virus particles
Once the new viruses are mades, the cells begin to burst
The cell damage is what makes us feel ill

Question 6

What are bacteria?

Answer 6

Bacteria are small living cells which damage cells directly or produce toxins to do so
Bacteria can reproduce rapidly in the appropriate conditions; warm moist areas with a good supply of oxygen
The toxins released by bacteria can damage cells, thus making us feel ill

Question 7

What are fungi?

Answer 7

Fungi are single celled organisms made of thread like structure call hyphae
The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants
The hyphae produce spores which spread to other plants or animals

Question 8

What are protists?

Answer 8

Protists are single celled eukaryotic organisms
Many are parasites, meaning they live on or inside other organisms
They are often transferred to the host organism via a vector
They make us feel ill by damaging the tissues

Question 9

What are the 4 kinds of pathogen?

Answer 9

Viruses, fungi, protists and bacterias

Question 10

What is the lytic pathway?

Answer 10

When the virus infects the host cell, replicates and splits the cell open.

Question 11

What is a lysogenic pathway?

Answer 11

The virus stays within the host inactive
The virus spreads by replication and mitosis
It is triggered by an event

Question 12

What is a nitrate deficiency in plants?

Answer 12

Nitrates are needed for the production and synthesis for proteins
Without proteins, plants cannot grow

Question 13

What is magnesium deficiency in plants?

Answer 13

Magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll
Without chlorophyll, plants cannot photosynthesise
Plants also turn yellow with lack of chlorophyll

Question 14

What is mucus?

Answer 14

Mucus is formed in our respiratory system and is used to trap bacteria and particles entering our airways

Question 15

What are memory lymphocytes?

Answer 15

They remember the first time the pathogen attacked and now know what antibodies and antigens to produce to defeat the pathogen quickly

Question 16

What is immunisation?

Answer 16

Immunisation is where a dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body so that the memory lymphocytes can be created to fend off the infection the second time

Question 17

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 17

Antibiotics inhibit the process of bacterial cells

Question 18

What are STI’s?

Answer 18

STI’s are sexually transmitted diseases which are infection transmitted through sexual intercourse

Question 19

What is chlamydia?

Answer 19

Chlamydia is a kind of bacterium, but it behaves in a similar way to a virus because it can only reproduce in host cells, although it doesn’t have any symptoms, it can lead to infertility in men and women

Question 20

What physical barriers do plants have against pathogens?

Answer 20

Most leaves and plants have a waxy cuticle which provides a barrier from pathogens entering

Question 21

What chemical barriers do plants have against pathogens?

Answer 21

They produce chemicals called antiseptics which kill bacterial and fungal pathogens

Question 22

What physical barriers do animals have against pathogens?

Answer 22

The skin acts as a physical barrier, and if it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal cut
Hair and mucus in nose prevent particles containing pathogens getting in

Question 23

What chemical barriers do animals have against pathogens?

Answer 23

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, this kills most pathogens which are swallowed

Question 24

What are the pros and cons of immunisation?

Answer 24

Pros: epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is immunised

Cons: immunisation doesn’t always work - sometimes it doesn’t give you immunity, you can also have a bad reaction sometime

Question 25

How are antibodies produced?

Answer 25

They are produced from B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell

Question 26

What is a hybridoma?

Answer 26

When a B-lymphocyte fuses with a tumour cell called a myeloma cell

Question 27

How are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

Answer 27

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single B- lymphocyte

Question 28

What are tumour markers?

Answer 28

Cancer cells have proteins on their cell membranes that aren’t found on normal body cells . They’re called tumour markers

Question 29

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to diagnose cancer?

Answer 29

The antibodies are labeled with radiation, they antibodies then travel through the blood until, they get to a cancer cell and then bind to the cancer, the radiation is then detected by machines

Question 30

What is penicillin?

Answer 30

Penicillin is an antibiotic. It was discovered by alexander Fleming when he was clearing out his petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes had mould on it and the area around it was free of bacteria. The mould was producing penicillin, which was killing the bacteria

Question 31

What life style factors increase the risk of a non communicable disease?

Answer 31

Smoking is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease, nicotine in the cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure, high blood pressure damages artery walls which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries

Question 32

How do you work out BMI?

Answer 32

Weight (kg) / height (m) squared

Question 33

How do you work out waist to hip ratio?

Answer 33

Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference / hip circumference