Health And Disease T5 Flashcards
What are communicable diseases?
They can be spread between organisms
What are non-communicable diseases?
They cannot spread between organisms
What are allergies?
Allergies can be trigger by an immune reaction to a pathogen
What is HIV?
A disease which supresses the immune system
What are viruses?
Viruses are tiny, non-living particles
reproduce rapidly within the body
They invade host cells and use them to make more virus particles
Once the new viruses are mades, the cells begin to burst
The cell damage is what makes us feel ill
What are bacteria?
Bacteria are small living cells which damage cells directly or produce toxins to do so
Bacteria can reproduce rapidly in the appropriate conditions; warm moist areas with a good supply of oxygen
The toxins released by bacteria can damage cells, thus making us feel ill
What are fungi?
Fungi are single celled organisms made of thread like structure call hyphae
The hyphae are able to grow and penetrate tissues, such as human skin or the surface of plants
The hyphae produce spores which spread to other plants or animals
What are protists?
Protists are single celled eukaryotic organisms
Many are parasites, meaning they live on or inside other organisms
They are often transferred to the host organism via a vector
They make us feel ill by damaging the tissues
What are the 4 kinds of pathogen?
Viruses, fungi, protists and bacterias
What is the lytic pathway?
When the virus infects the host cell, replicates and splits the cell open.
What is a lysogenic pathway?
The virus stays within the host inactive
The virus spreads by replication and mitosis
It is triggered by an event
What is a nitrate deficiency in plants?
Nitrates are needed for the production and synthesis for proteins
Without proteins, plants cannot grow
What is magnesium deficiency in plants?
Magnesium is required for the production of chlorophyll
Without chlorophyll, plants cannot photosynthesise
Plants also turn yellow with lack of chlorophyll
What is mucus?
Mucus is formed in our respiratory system and is used to trap bacteria and particles entering our airways
What are memory lymphocytes?
They remember the first time the pathogen attacked and now know what antibodies and antigens to produce to defeat the pathogen quickly
What is immunisation?
Immunisation is where a dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body so that the memory lymphocytes can be created to fend off the infection the second time
What do antibiotics do?
Antibiotics inhibit the process of bacterial cells
What are STI’s?
STI’s are sexually transmitted diseases which are infection transmitted through sexual intercourse
What is chlamydia?
Chlamydia is a kind of bacterium, but it behaves in a similar way to a virus because it can only reproduce in host cells, although it doesn’t have any symptoms, it can lead to infertility in men and women
What physical barriers do plants have against pathogens?
Most leaves and plants have a waxy cuticle which provides a barrier from pathogens entering
What chemical barriers do plants have against pathogens?
They produce chemicals called antiseptics which kill bacterial and fungal pathogens
What physical barriers do animals have against pathogens?
The skin acts as a physical barrier, and if it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal cut
Hair and mucus in nose prevent particles containing pathogens getting in
What chemical barriers do animals have against pathogens?
The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, this kills most pathogens which are swallowed
What are the pros and cons of immunisation?
Pros: epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is immunised
Cons: immunisation doesn’t always work - sometimes it doesn’t give you immunity, you can also have a bad reaction sometime
How are antibodies produced?
They are produced from B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell
What is a hybridoma?
When a B-lymphocyte fuses with a tumour cell called a myeloma cell
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from lots of clones of a single B- lymphocyte
What are tumour markers?
Cancer cells have proteins on their cell membranes that aren’t found on normal body cells . They’re called tumour markers
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to diagnose cancer?
The antibodies are labeled with radiation, they antibodies then travel through the blood until, they get to a cancer cell and then bind to the cancer, the radiation is then detected by machines
What is penicillin?
Penicillin is an antibiotic. It was discovered by alexander Fleming when he was clearing out his petri dishes containing bacteria. He noticed that one of the dishes had mould on it and the area around it was free of bacteria. The mould was producing penicillin, which was killing the bacteria
What life style factors increase the risk of a non communicable disease?
Smoking is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease, nicotine in the cigarette smoke increases heart rate, which increases blood pressure, high blood pressure damages artery walls which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries
How do you work out BMI?
Weight (kg) / height (m) squared
How do you work out waist to hip ratio?
Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference / hip circumference
