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Biology > Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis T7 > Flashcards

Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis T7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers sent in the blood.

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2
Q

What are Endocrine glands?

A

Glands which produce Hormones.

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3
Q

Name the 6 glands in the endocrine system.

A

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, The Pancreas, Testes (male only) and The Ovaries (female only).

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4
Q

What hormone does the Ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

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5
Q

Which hormone does the Testes produce?

A

Testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

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6
Q

Which hormone does The Pancreas produce?

A

Insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

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7
Q

Which hormone do The Adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

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8
Q

Which hormone does the Thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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9
Q

What is a common attribute to a hormonal response?

A

If a response lasts for a long time, but is quite slow, the it is probably hormonal.

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10
Q

What is a common attribute to a nerve response?

A

If the response is really quick, acts for a very short time and on a precise area, then it is probably nervous.

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11
Q

How does Adrenaline increase the supply of oxygen?

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase which increases oxygen flow to the muscles.

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12
Q

How does Adrenaline increase the supply of glucose to the body?

A

Adrenaline binds to receptors in the liver, this causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose. This increases the blood glucose level, so there is more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells.

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13
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is when your body can detect whether a level of substance has gone above or below the normal level, and trigger a response to release hormones and bring the level back to normal again.

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14
Q

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released.

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15
Q

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels again

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16
Q

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary (ovulation) at around day 14.

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17
Q

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is the maintained for 14 days. If no fertilised egg has landed in the uterus, the spongy lining starts to break down and the cycle starts over.

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18
Q

What does the hormone FSH do?

A

Released by the pituitary gland, FSH causes a follicle (an egg and its surrounding cells) to mature in one of the ovaries.

19
Q

What does the hormone Oestrogen do?

A

Released by the ovaries, it causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow.

20
Q

What does the hormone LH do?

A

Released by the pituitary gland, the LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - also creates a corpus lutem from the follicle remains - which secretes progesterone.

21
Q

What does the hormone Progesterone do?

A

Released by the Corpus Luteum after ovulation, maintains the lining of the uterus, inhibits the release of LH and FSH, when the progesterone level falls and there is a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down.
A low progesterone level allows FSH to increase.

22
Q

What is Ovulation?

A

When a egg develops and is released from the ovaries.

23
Q

What is IVF (in vitro fertilisation)?

A

IVF involves collecting eggs from the female and sperm from the the male and infusing outside in a lab and then put back into the female’s uterus to increase the chance of pregnancy.

24
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is maintaining and regulating the stability and constancy needed to function properly.

25
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

Osmoregulation is regulating water content, you need to keep a balance between the water you gain and the water you excrete.

26
Q

What is Thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation is regulating body temperature, you need to reduce your body temperature when you’re hot, but increase it when the environment is cold.

27
Q

What does Insulin?

A

Reduces blood glucose levels.

28
Q

What does glucogen do?

A

Turns glycogen into glucose in the liver.

Increases blood glucose levels.

29
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

When the pancreas produces little to no insulin. The result is that a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them.

30
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

It is a condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person become resistant to insulin. The blood glucose level rises.

31
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m) squared

32
Q

How to calculate waist to hip ratio?

A

Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

33
Q

What is the normal body temperature?

A

37 degrees celcius.

34
Q

What part of the brain regulates body temperature?

A

Hypothalumus

35
Q

What happens when you are too hot?

A

Hair lies flat, lots of sweat and Vasodilation

36
Q

What happens when you are too cold?

A

Hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air near the surface of the skin, Very little sweat is produced. You also shiver to produce heat

37
Q

What are the 3 main roles of the Urinary system?

A
  1. Removal of urea from the blood. Urea is produced in the liver from breakdown of excess amino acids. 2. Adjustment of ion levels in the blood. 3. Adjustment or water content of the blood.
38
Q

What happens in each nephron?

A

The liquid part of the blood is forced out of the glomerulus and into the bowman’s capsule at high pressure (ultra filtration). Bigger molecules (e.g proteins) and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes and are not forced out. As the liquid flows along the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed. Whatever is not reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It passes into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine.

39
Q

How much of the ‘useful liquid’ is reabsorbed into the kidneys?

A

All of the glucose, sufficient ions and sufficient water is reabsorbed according to the hormone ADH.

40
Q

What does the hormone ADH do?

A

ADH makes the collecting ducts of the nephron more permeable so that more water is absorbed into the blood, this stops the body from being dehydrated.

41
Q

What is Dialysis?

A

Dialysis is for patients who have kidney failure and cannot filter their own blood, so a machine does it for them.

42
Q

How does a Dialysis machine work?

A

The patients blood goes in, anti coagulant prevents the blood from clotting, the blood then enters the dialysis machine, an air trap and detector prevents any air bubbles going back into the patient and the procedure is complete.

43
Q

What is a kidney transplant?

A

A kidney transplant is where a healthy kidney from someone who has died recently or someone who is a registered donor, is replaced with the faulty kidney within the patients.

44
Q

What problems could you have with a kidney transplant?

A

The body may reject the kidney and have the immune system attack it. This is because the body treats the new kidney as a foreign object. Actions to prevent this are to take immune suppressant drugs which disable you immune system, the only downside of this is that it can increase the risk of infection

Biology (7 decks)

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